Mining Sudanese medicinal plants for antiprotozoal agents |
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Mahmoud AB, Mäser P, Kaiser M, Hamburger M, Khalid S. Mining Sudanese Medicinal Plants for Antiprotozoal Agents. Front Pharmacol. 2020 11:865. PMID: 32581814 |
Plant species |
Family |
Part |
Fraction |
% inhib. 10 ug/ml |
% inhib. 2 ug/ml |
Abutilon pannosum var. figarianum (Webb) Verdc. (syn. Abutilon figarianum Webb.) |
Malvaceae |
Leaves |
Crude |
48.3 |
9.5 |
Petroleum ether |
88.1 |
9.5 |
Chloroform |
77.2 |
13.6 |
Ethyl acetate |
89.2 |
48.7 |
Water residue |
19.3 |
7.6 |
Ambrosia artemisiifolia L. (syn. Ambrosia maritima L.) |
Asteraceae |
Leaves |
Crude |
21.4 |
5.9 |
Petroleum ether |
84.5 |
5.4 |
Chloroform |
54.0 |
5.7 |
Ethyl acetate |
36.5 |
11.6 |
Water residue |
15.8 |
3.2 |
Ampelozizyphus amazonicus Ducke |
Rhamnaceae |
Leaves |
Ethyl acetate |
99.7 |
13.4 |
Butanol |
48.0 |
3.3 |
Anethum graveolens L. |
Apiaceae |
Leaves |
Crude |
0.0 |
0.0 |
Hexane |
2.1 |
0.0 |
Chloroform |
3.1 |
0.0 |
Ethyl acetate |
10.5 |
13.8 |
Annona muricata L. |
Annonaceae |
Leaves |
Crude |
94.9 |
62.9 |
Petroleum ether |
102.4 |
31.4 |
Chloroform |
98.1 |
69.1 |
Ethyl acetate |
89.3 |
44.6 |
Water residue |
43.3 |
5.0 |
Argemone mexicana L. |
Papaveraceae |
Leaves |
Crude |
97.6 |
7.1 |
Petroleum ether |
98.3 |
6.8 |
Chloroform |
98.2 |
82.6 |
Ethyl acetate |
98.4 |
7.9 |
Water residue |
62.2 |
4.4 |
Bark |
Crude |
89.7 |
15.1 |
Aristolochia bracteolata Lam. |
Aristolochiaceae |
Root |
Ethyl acetate |
76.0 |
20.4 |
Azadirachta indica A.Juss. |
Meliaceae |
Leaves |
Oil |
71.2 |
6.1 |
Bathysa australis (A.St.-Hil.) K.Schum. |
Rubiaceae |
Leaves |
Hexane |
82.6 |
10.6 |
Methylene chloride |
101.1 |
17.0 |
Ethyl acetate |
64.5 |
4.6 |
Butanol |
34.0 |
5.0 |
Bertholletia excelsa Bonpl. |
Lecythidaceae |
Fruit (endocarp) |
Hexane |
98.6 |
14.4 |
Bark (trunk) |
Crude |
97.8 |
100.3 |
Seeds (tugument) |
Crude |
46.3 |
5.3 |
Boswellia papyrifera (Caill. ex Delile) Hochst |
Burseraceae |
Gum resin |
Crude |
91.8 |
15.4 |
Petroleum ether |
100.0 |
41.5 |
Chloroform |
94.1 |
9.5 |
Ethyl acetate |
0.2 |
3.9 |
Water residue |
83.6 |
0.0 |
Oil |
2.4 |
12.2 |
Cardiospermum halicacabum L. |
Sapindaceaee |
Leaves |
Crude |
32.8 |
5.0 |
Petroleum ether |
35.0 |
5.7 |
Chloroform |
51.7 |
7.4 |
Ethyl acetate |
83.2 |
13.8 |
Water residue |
10.7 |
0.1 |
Combretum glutinosum Perr. ex DC. |
Combretaceae |
Seeds |
Chloroform |
18.3 |
9.0 |
Ethyl acetate |
103.5 |
103.5 |
Wood |
Chloroform |
104.1 |
85.3 |
Ethyl acetate |
102.4 |
99.6 |
Bark |
Ethyl acetate |
102.9 |
99.4 |
Combretum hartmannianum Schweinf. |
Combretaceae |
Seeds |
Chloroform |
102.3 |
68.1 |
Ethyl acetate |
102.9 |
97.4 |
Wood |
Chloroform |
102.4 |
32.6 |
Ethyl acetate |
102.5 |
61.2 |
Combretum indicum (L.) DeFilipps (syn. Quisqualis indica L.) |
Combretaceae |
Leaves |
Chloroform |
72.3 |
15.5 |
Ethyl acetate |
92.7 |
27.0 |
Flowers |
Chloroform |
10.3 |
0.7 |
Ethyl acetate |
98.5 |
91.3 |
Commiphora myrrha (Nees) Engl. |
Burseraceae |
Gum resin |
Methanol |
98.3 |
94.8 |
Oil |
97.6 |
97.2 |
Croton gratissimus var. gratissimus (syn. Croton zambesicus Müll.Arg.) |
Euphorbiaceae |
Fruits |
Crude |
88.8 |
9.3 |
Petroleum ether |
103.0 |
103.9 |
Chloroform |
97.8 |
24.9 |
Ethyl acetate |
76.8 |
32.5 |
Water residue |
18.1 |
0.2 |
Leaves |
Petroleum ether |
57.4 |
0.0 |
Chloroform |
43.7 |
13.0 |
Ethyl acetate |
57.9 |
4.9 |
Curcuma longa L. |
Zingiberaceae |
Rhizome |
Crude |
1.6 |
0.0 |
Petroleum ether |
1.7 |
3.3 |
Chloroform |
92.7 |
7.7 |
Ethyl acetate |
1.2 |
1.9 |
Water residue |
6.4 |
7.5 |
Cuscuta hyalina Roth ex Schult. |
Convolvulaceae |
Stem |
Crude |
58.8 |
7.7 |
Petroleum ether |
85.5 |
6.3 |
Chloroform |
103.7 |
4.8 |
Ethyl acetate |
100.6 |
7.2 |
Water residue |
29.9 |
3.5 |
Cymbopogon citratus (DC.) Stapf |
Poaceae |
Leaves |
Crude |
12.6 |
5.4 |
Chloroform |
96.2 |
19.9 |
Ethyl acetate |
85.0 |
25.7 |
Water residue |
0.0 |
2.0 |
Oil |
0.6 |
5.4 |
Cyperus rotundus L. |
Cyperaceae |
Rhizome |
Crude |
44.9 |
4.5 |
Petroleum ether |
103.5 |
50.7 |
Chloroform |
100.7 |
40.5 |
Ethyl acetate |
34.1 |
3.3 |
Water residue |
17.8 |
5.4 |
Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh. |
Myrtaceae |
Leaves |
Oil |
5.3 |
3.5 |
Grewia tenax (Forssk.) Fiori |
Malvaceae |
Bark |
Methanol |
44.7 |
14.7 |
Leaves |
Petroleum ether |
94.0 |
11.1 |
Chloroform |
81.5 |
9.3 |
Ethyl acetate |
67.2 |
33.8 |
Root |
Methanol |
17.3 |
6.5 |
Stem |
Methanol |
27.9 |
12.3 |
Guiera sengalensis J.F.Gmel. |
Combretaceae |
Leaves |
Crude |
84.0 |
5.1 |
Petroleum ether |
100.1 |
39.1 |
Chloroform |
103.0 |
84.9 |
Ethyl acetate |
100.9 |
67.9 |
Water residue |
80.2 |
3.4 |
Haplophyllum tuberculatum (Forssk.) A.Juss. |
Rutaceae |
Root |
Crude |
35.9 |
7.2 |
Petroleum ether |
99.2 |
36.8 |
Chloroform |
102.1 |
25.3 |
Ethyl acetate |
39.2 |
2.7 |
Water residue |
20.6 |
4.4 |
Hyptis monticola Mart. ex Benth. |
Lamiaceae |
Leaves |
Crude |
22.3 |
2.7 |
Flowers |
Crude |
100.3 |
20.7 |
Jatropha curcas L. |
Euphorbiaceae |
Leaves |
Crude |
0.0 |
0.0 |
Petroleum ether |
21.7 |
0.0 |
Chloroform |
22.7 |
11.0 |
Ethyl acetate |
4.3 |
3.0 |
Water residue |
1.6 |
0.0 |
Lantana fucata Lindl. |
Verbenaceae |
Aerial parts |
Crude |
101.9 |
70.1 |
Lantana trifolia L. |
Verbenaceae |
Branches |
Butanol |
23.0 |
0.0 |
Lippia lacunosa Mart. & Schauer |
Verbenaceae |
Leaves |
Crude |
46.5 |
5.5 |
Ethyl acetate |
30.7 |
5.6 |
Butanol |
31.1 |
2.6 |
Lippia origanoides Kunth |
Verbenaceae |
Leaves |
Crude |
103.2 |
26.2 |
Lupinus albus subsp. graecus (Boiss. & Spruner) Franco & P.Silva (syn. Lupinus termis Forssk.) |
Leguminosae |
Seeds |
Crude |
28.5 |
3.5 |
Petroleum ether |
24.7 |
5.0 |
Chloroform |
24.9 |
0.0 |
Ethyl acetate |
41.2 |
20.4 |
Water residue |
32.4 |
39.6 |
Mangifera indica L. |
Anacardiaceae |
Peels |
Crude |
5.3 |
0.8 |
Petroleum ether |
0.0 |
0.0 |
Chloroform |
3.4 |
0.0 |
Ethyl acetate |
67.1 |
1.5 |
Water residue |
0.0 |
0.0 |
Matricaria chamomilla L. |
Compositae |
Flower |
Crude |
29.1 |
6.1 |
Petroleum ether |
91.1 |
5.0 |
Chloroform |
94.6 |
28.5 |
Ethyl acetate |
53.4 |
9.0 |
Water residue |
11.8 |
4.7 |
Moringa oleifera Lam. |
Moringaceae |
Leaves |
Crude |
48.6 |
7.3 |
Hexane |
1.5 |
7.6 |
Chloroform |
7.2 |
11.1 |
Ethyl acetate |
2.2 |
9.7 |
Water residue |
1.4 |
3.2 |
Nauclea latifolia Sm. |
Rubiaceae |
Unprocessed Fruit |
Crude |
17.5 |
5.1 |
Petroleum ether |
30.5 |
5.6 |
Chloroform |
83.5 |
30.9 |
Ethyl acetate |
43.4 |
6.9 |
Water residue |
33.4 |
39.7 |
Root Bark |
Crude |
38.9 |
5.0 |
Petroleum ether |
66.0 |
8.3 |
Chloroform |
93.6 |
19.3 |
Ethyl acetate |
61.9 |
18.5 |
Water residue |
21.2 |
3.4 |
Processed Fruit |
Crude |
35.3 |
12.7 |
Petroleum ether |
23.6 |
1.5 |
Chloroform |
35.1 |
7.2 |
Ethyl acetate |
21.9 |
8.0 |
Water residue |
18.2 |
9.8 |
Nigella sativa L. |
Ranunculaceae |
Seeds |
Oil |
9.9 |
20.7 |
Operculina macrocarpa (L.) Urb. |
Convolvulaceae |
Roots |
Crude |
102.8 |
43.6 |
Opopanax hispidus (Friv.) Griseb. |
Apiaceae |
Fruits |
Oil |
0.0 |
0.0 |
Piper cubeba L.f. |
Piperaceae |
Fruits |
Crude |
53.7 |
9.9 |
Petroleum ether |
45.0 |
10.9 |
Chloroform |
101.2 |
21.3 |
Ethyl acetate |
103.2 |
81.1 |
Water residue |
31.5 |
7.6 |
Portulaca oleracea L. |
Portulacaceae |
Aerial part |
Crude |
29.1 |
12.8 |
Petroleum ether |
58.9 |
11.1 |
Chloroform |
73.7 |
7.7 |
Ethyl acetate |
28.1 |
3.3 |
Water residue |
24.2 |
7.5 |
Prosopis chilensis (Molina) Stuntz |
Fabaceae |
Leaves |
Crude |
99.6 |
103.5 |
Hexane |
95.8 |
98.0 |
Chloroform |
103.4 |
98.2 |
Ethyl acetate |
32.0 |
6.3 |
Prosopis juliflora (Sw.) DC. |
Fabaceae |
Leaves |
Crude |
101.1 |
105.0 |
Rollinia sylvatica (A. St.-Hil.) Martius |
Annonaceae |
Leaves |
Crude |
90.5 |
47.5 |
Saussurea costus (Falc.) Lipsch. |
Compositae |
Leaves |
Methanol |
45.3 |
5.0 |
Senna occidentalis (L.) Link (syn. Cassia occidentalis L.) |
Leguminosae |
Aerial part |
Crude |
27.4 |
5.1 |
Petroleum ether |
91.6 |
3.0 |
Chloroform |
53.7 |
6.1 |
Ethyl acetate |
25.5 |
5.1 |
Water residue |
16.0 |
2.0 |
Solanum aethiopicum L. |
Solanaceae |
Fruits |
Butanol |
26.8 |
4.2 |
Striga hermonthica (Delile) Benth. |
Orobanchaceae |
Stem |
Crude |
36.5 |
9.2 |
Petroleum ether |
99.5 |
36.2 |
Chloroform |
51.8 |
9.2 |
Ethyl acetate |
36.9 |
5.2 |
Water residue |
20.1 |
2.4 |
Struthanthus concinnus Mart. |
Loranthaceae |
Branches |
Ethyl acetate |
102.0 |
18.8 |
Butanol |
23.7 |
8.3 |
Struthanthus marginatus (Desr.) G.Don |
Loranthaceae |
Branches |
Ethyl acetate |
31.8 |
2.3 |
Tephrosia apollinea (Delile) DC. |
Leguminosae |
Leaves |
Crude |
46.7 |
10.7 |
Petroleum ether |
91.2 |
14.9 |
Chloroform |
100.0 |
30.1 |
Ethyl acetate |
87.9 |
10.4 |
Water residue |
66.1 |
38.7 |
Terminalia brownii Fresen |
Combretaceae |
Seeds |
Ethyl acetate |
97.5 |
92.9 |
Terminalia catappa L. |
Combretaceae |
Leaves |
Chloroform |
78.1 |
17.4 |
Ethyl acetate |
101.6 |
58.2 |
Terminalia laxiflora Engl. |
Combretaceae |
Seeds |
Chloroform |
44.7 |
12.7 |
Ethyl acetate |
99.8 |
93.4 |
Bark |
Chloroform |
100.3 |
19.3 |
Ethyl acetate |
99.8 |
68.6 |
Terminalia leiocarpa (DC.) Baill. (syn. Anogeissus leiocarpa (DC.) Guill. & Perr.) |
Combretaceae |
Bark |
Ethyl acetate |
101.8 |
45.8 |
Leaves |
Chloroform |
102.1 |
27.9 |
Ethyl acetate |
102.9 |
103.4 |
Root |
Ethyl acetate |
103.2 |
67.3 |
Seeds |
Chloroform |
99.5 |
34.8 |
Ethyl acetate |
102.5 |
106.4 |
Wood |
Ethyl acetate |
102.3 |
98.2 |
Tinospora bakis (A.Rich.) Miers |
Menispermaceae |
Root |
Chloroform |
17.3 |
4.6 |
Methanol: Acetone (7:3) |
89.1 |
13.4 |
Typha angustifolia L. |
Typhaceae |
Stem |
Crude |
64.2 |
6.7 |
Petroleum ether |
23.4 |
5.0 |
Chloroform |
93.3 |
24.8 |
Ethyl acetate |
61.2 |
17.2 |
Water residue |
46.8 |
6.5 |
Vachellia nilotica (L.) P.J.H.Hurter & Mabb. (syn. Acacia nilotica (L.) Delile) |
Fabaceae |
Flowers |
Crude |
99.6 |
76.1 |
Petroleum ether |
95.3 |
10.6 |
Chloroform |
97.7 |
42.6 |
Ethyl acetate |
44.4 |
32.7 |
Water residue |
72.4 |
67.0 |
Leaves |
Crude |
99.0 |
68.2 |
Petroleum ether |
81.5 |
7.6 |
Chloroform |
103.8 |
97.3 |
Ethyl acetate |
103.2 |
65.1 |
Water residue |
24.8 |
5.4 |
Vitex cooperi Standl. |
Lamiaceae |
Barks |
Methanol |
29.5 |
6.2 |
Vitex polygama Cham. |
Lamiaceae |
Leaves |
Water residue |
37.2 |
8.9 |
Xanthium strumarium subsp. brasilicum (Vell.) O.Bolòs & Vigo (syn. Xanthium brasilicum Vell.) |
Compositae |
Leaves |
Crude |
41.3 |
9.3 |
Petroleum ether |
100.3 |
41.1 |
Chloroform |
85.8 |
10.2 |
Ethyl acetate |
62.5 |
8.8 |
Water residue |
30.3 |
0.0 |
Ziziphus spina-christi (L.) Desf. |
Rhamnaceae |
Leaves |
Chloroform |
100.9 |
12.4 |
Ethyl acetate |
101.5 |
102.6 |
Root |
Chloroform |
103.1 |
106.2 |
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