Stage-specific localization of apicoplast-targeted GFP and the effects of brefeldin A (bfa). Distribution of green fluorescence and PfBiP (red) in a early-ring (A, i–iii) and a trophozoite (B, i–iii; a late, 33 h, trophozoite with two nuclei stained in blue is shown). Distribution of green fluorescence and indicated secretory marker (red) in: rings incubated with Bfa for 24 h (C, i–iii); rings incubated with Bfa for 24 h, washed, and grown for 18 h in absence of drug (D, i–iii; E, i–iii); and trophozoites incubated with or without Bfa (F, i–iii). Blue indicates DNA stained with Hoechst 33342. White arrows in B, ii, D, ii, and E, ii, indicate apicoplast DNA. Scale bars as indicated in microns.

Cheresh P, Harrison T, Fujioka H, Haldar K. Targeting the malarial plastid via the parasitophorous vacuole. J Biol Chem. 2002 277:16265-77.