Stage-specific localization of apicoplast-targeted GFP. Distribution of green fluorescence and PfBiP (red) in a early-ring (A, i–iii) and a trophozoite (B, i–iii; a late, ~33 h, trophozoite with two nuclei stained in blue is shown). Distribution of green fluorescence and indicated secretory marker (red) in trophozoites incubated. Blue indicates DNA stained with Hoechst 33342. White arrows in B, ii, D, ii, and E, ii, indicate apicoplast DNA. Scale bars as indicated in microns.

C, i–iv: single optical sections showing green fluorescence in young rings permeabilized with 0.01% saponin relative to secretory markers PfEXP1, PfBiP, PfERD2 (shown in red in i–iii), and apicoplast DNA (marked with an arrow in iii and iv), as detected by indirect. In C, iv, the Hoechst stain is pseudo-colored cyan to facilitate visualization of apicoplast DNA.

Cheresh P, Harrison T, Fujioka H, Haldar K. Targeting the malarial plastid via the parasitophorous vacuole. J Biol Chem. 2002 277:16265-77.