Modulation of host immunity by lncRNAs derived from exosomes during Plasmodium infection. Plasmodium-infected red blood cells, or the parasites themselves, release exosomes or microvesicles, which include lncRNA from host cells or Plasmodium that can transfer effector to participate in host gene expression and immune responses.

Chen JG, Liu SC, Nie Q, Du YT, Lv YY, He LP, Chen G. Exosome-derived long noncoding RNAs: Mediators of host-Plasmodium parasite communication. Wiley Interdiscip Rev RNA. 2023 8:e1808. PMID: 37553236.