The ring, trophozoite (Troph), and schizont (Sch) stages of PfCul2KDD10 parasites were assessed for localization of PfCullin-2/cDDHA by IFA using anti-HA antibodies. The panels show signal for PfCullin-2/cDDHA (Cullin-2), nuclear stain (DAPI), bright field with RBC and parasite boundaries (DIC) and overlap of the three images (Merged). C. The confocal images of PfCul2KDD10 trophozoite (Troph) show colocalization of PfCullin-2/cDDHA with DAPI (Pearson’s coefficient 0.59±0.11 from 13 images). D. The cytoplasmic (Cyt) and chromatin (Chr) fractions of PfCul2KDD10 trophozoites were assessed for the presence of PfCullin-2/cDDHA (ab-HA), cytoplasmic protein α2 proteasome subunit (ab-α2), and chromatin protein histone-2B (ab-H2B) by western blotting. The sizes of protein markers (M) are in kDa and the size scale bars are in the merged panel. Rizvi Z, Reddy GS, Gorde SM, Pundir P, Das D, Sijwali PS. Plasmodium falciparum contains functional SCF and CRL4 ubiquitin E3 ligases, and CRL4 is critical for cell division and membrane integrity. PLoS Pathog. 2024 28;20(2):e1012045. PMID: 38416790