Vacuolar translocation and transport pathways. Effector protein translocation is mediated by the PTEX in Plasmodium and the MYR complex in Toxoplasma. u and r indicate unfolding and refolding steps prior to and after translocation. PTEX subunit EXP2, in association with another vacuolar membrane protein EXP1, is involved in the transport of small molecules across the membrane; this activity seems independent from the protein secretion activity. Egea PF. Crossing the Vacuolar Rubicon: Structural Insights into Effector Protein Trafficking in Apicomplexan Parasites. Microorganisms. 2020 8(6):865. PMID: 32521667