Localization in the apicoplast of an antigen recognised by PfYcf93 peptide antisera. PfYcf93 (red) localises to a small punctum that overlaps with the apicoplast marker acyl carrier protein (green) and sits beside the nucleus (blue) in a small, ring-stage parasite within a red blood cell. Bar = 1 mm.

B. Effect of the putative post-translational inhibitor actinonin on biogenesis of the apicoplast, mitochondria and nuclei. Live cell imaging of untreated parasite with red fluorescent apicoplast, green fluorescent mitochondrion and blue fluorescent nuclei shows the normal branching/division of the apicoplast, elaboration of the mitochondrion and multiplication of the nucleus at the schizont stage. Actinonin-treated parasite at the same stage shows a

branched mitochondrion and multiple nuclei but an undeveloped, stunted apicoplast (arrow). C) Effect of fosmidomycin and actinonin on the apicoplast and parasitophorous vacuole (P.V.) at the schizont stage. Immunofluorescence assay of untreated parasite with red fluorescent apicoplast (anti-ACP), green P.V. and blue fluorescent nuclei shows the segregation of the apicoplast, nuclei into distinct merozoites during late schizont stage. Actinonin or fosmidomycin treated parasites at the same stage show multiple nuclei but an undeveloped apicoplast and severe disruption of internal membrane structure in the parasite.

Goodman CD, McFadden GI. Ycf93 (Orf105), a Small Apicoplast-Encoded Membrane Protein in the Relict Plastid of the Malaria Parasite Plasmodium falciparum That Is Conserved in Apicomplexa. PLoS One. 2014 Apr 4;9(4):e91178.