| Anti‑malarial compounds derived from African medicinal plants |
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| Bekono BD, Ntie-Kang F, Onguéné PA, Lifongo LL, Sippl W, Fester K, Owono LCO. The potential of anti-malarial compounds derived from African medicinal plants: a review of pharmacological evaluations from 2013 to 2019. Malar J. 2020 19(1:183 PMID: 32423415 |
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| Compound subclass |
Isolated metabolites |
Plasmodial strain (activities) |
Plant species |
Family |
Part of the plant studied |
| alkaloids |
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| Aporphines |
lysicamine; trivalvone |
K1 8.24 μM |
Annickia kummeriae |
Annonaceae |
Leaves |
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trivalvone |
K1 2.90 μM |
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| Furoquinolines |
acetylmontrifolin |
FcB1 (from 162.47 to 298.16 μM) |
Teclea nobilis |
Rutaceae |
Fruits and leaves |
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montrifoline |
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maculine |
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skimmiamine |
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heliparvifoline |
Dd2 (IC50 = 35 μM) |
Melicope madagascariensis |
Rutaceae |
Stem bark |
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| Indoles |
15-hydroxyvomicine |
3D7 (from 0.41 to 110.58 μM) |
Strychnos icaja |
Loganiaceae |
Stem bark |
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N-methyl-sec-iso-pseudostrychnine |
3D7 (from 0.41 to 110.58 μM) |
Strychnos icaja |
Loganiaceae |
Stem bark |
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sungucine |
3D7 (from 0.41 to 110.58 μM) |
Strychnos icaja |
Loganiaceae |
Stem bark |
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isosungucine |
3D7 (from 0.41 to 110.58 μM) |
Strychnos icaja |
Loganiaceae |
Stem bark |
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strychnogucine C |
3D7 (from 0.41 to 110.58 μM) |
Strychnos icaja |
Loganiaceae |
Stem bark |
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bisnordihydrotoxiferine |
3D7 (from 0.41 to 110.58 μM) |
Strychnos icaja |
Loganiaceae |
Stem bark |
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strychnogucine B |
3D7 (from 0.41 to 110.58 μM) |
Strychnos icaja |
Loganiaceae |
Stem bark |
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Nb-chloromethosungucine |
FCA20 (0.617 μM); W2 (0.085 μM) |
Strychnos icaja |
Loganiaceae |
Roots |
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| Indolosesquiterpenes |
N-acetyl-8a-poliveolinone; N-acetyl-poliveoline |
NF54 (7.6 μM and 29.1 μM, respectively) |
Polyalthia oliveri |
Annonaceae |
Stem bark |
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| Naphthylisoquinolines |
cyclombandakamine A1; |
NF54 0.043 μM |
Ancistrocladus sp. |
Ancistrocladaceae |
Leaves |
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cyclombandakamine A2 |
NF54 0.055 μM |
Ancistrocladus sp. |
Ancistrocladaceae |
Leaves |
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dioncophylline F |
NF54 (from 0.090 to 6.54 μM) |
Ancistrocladus ileboensis |
Ancistrocladaceae |
Leaves and root bark |
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dioncophylline C2 |
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dioncophylline D2 |
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ancistrobrevine C |
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5'-O-methyldioncophylline D |
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ancistrocladisine A |
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cyclombandakamine A2 |
K1 (0.228 μM for compound 19) |
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ealamine A |
NF54 (from 0.84 to 22.2 μM) |
Ancistrocladus ealaensis |
Ancistrocladaceae |
Twigs and leaves |
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ealamine B |
K1 (from 1.4 to 8.2 μM) |
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ealamine C |
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ealamine D |
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| Protoberberines |
palmatine |
K1 (from 0.22 to 0.71 μM) |
Annickia kummeriae |
Annonaceae |
Leaves |
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jatrorrhizine |
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columbamine |
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tetrahydro-palmatine |
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L-stepholidine |
K1 (IC50 = 318.66 μM) |
Polyalthia longifolium var. pendula |
Annonaceae |
Stem |
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| Pyridinones |
darienine |
K1 (IC50 = 81.28 μM) |
Polyalthia longifolium var. pendula |
Annonaceae |
Stem |
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| Others |
gardenine |
K1 (IC50 = 32.12 μM) |
Canthium multiflorum |
Rubiaceae |
Aerial part |
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| flavonoids |
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| Flavanones and flavones |
5,4'-dihydroxy-3,6,7-trimethoxyflavone |
D6 (from 11.26 to 56.31 μM) |
Senecio roseiflorus |
Compositae-Asteraceae |
Leaves |
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5,7-dihydroxy-3,4'-dimethoxyflavone |
W2 (from 15.48 to 87.50 μM) |
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quercetin-3,4'-dimethyl ether |
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rhamnazin |
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retusin |
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5,4'-dihydroxy-3,7,3'-trimethoxyflavone |
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5,4'-dihydroxy-7-dimethoxyflavanone |
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(+)-tephrodin |
D6 (from 11.30 to 14.00 μM) |
Tephrosia villosa |
Leguminosae-Fabaceae |
Roots |
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tachrosin |
W2 (from 13.10 to 20.40 µM) |
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obovatin methyl ether |
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morreloflavone; |
F32 (from 2.18 to 21.13 μM) |
Allanblackia floribunda |
Guttiferae- Clusiaceae |
Whole plant |
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volkensiflavone |
FcM29 (from 1.75 to 22.59 μM) |
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5-demethyltangeretin |
W2mef (19.37 μM); Dd2 (3.18 μM) |
Peperomia vulcanica |
Piperaceae |
Whole plant |
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| Glycoflavonoids |
Kaempferol-3-O-b-D-glucopyranoside
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D6 (97.1 and 42.9 μM, respectively) |
Ekebergia capensis |
Meliaceae |
Leaves |
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quercetin-3-O-b-D-glucopyranoside |
W2 (105.8 μM) |
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Stachannin
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Gardenia ternifolia |
Rubiaceae |
Stem barks and leaves |
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Pectolinarigenin-7-O-glucoside |
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morreloflavone-7-O-glucoside |
F32 (15.98 and 40.36 μM, respectively, at 24 h and 72 h) |
Allanblackia floribunda |
Guttiferae- Clusiaceae |
Whole plant |
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FcM29 (11.69 and 33.24 µM , respectively, at 24 h and 72 h) |
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| Isoflavones |
7,2'-dimethoxy-4',5'-methylene dioxyisoflafone |
W2 (from 14.9 to 53.1 μM) |
Millettia oblata ssp. teitensis |
Leguminosae-Fabaceae |
Stem bark |
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7,3'-dimethoxy-4',5'-methylene dioxyisoflafone |
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maximaisoflavone B |
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maximaisoflavone J |
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maximaisoflavone H |
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milldurone |
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vistine |
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nurdurlettone |
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Isoerythrin A 4'-(methylbut-2-enyl) ether |
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Calopogoniumisoflavone A |
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Durmillon |
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Jamaicin |
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Isojamaicin |
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Durallone |
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6-methoxycalopogoniumisoflavone A |
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4'-prenyloxyderrone |
D6 (from 13.3 to 48.7 μM) |
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calopogonium isoflavone B |
3D7 and Dd2 (70 to 90% inhibition at 40 μM) |
Millettia dura |
Leguminosae-Fabaceae |
Root bark |
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isoeryhtrin A-4'-(methylbut-2-enyl) ether |
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2,2-dimethylchromene' maximaisoflavone B |
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7,2'-dimethoxy-4',5'-methylenedioxyisoflavone |
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| Retonoids |
6a-hydroxy-a-toxicarol |
D6 (18.71 µM for compound 75 and 9.60 μg/mL for a mixture of deguelin and rotenone) |
Tephrosia villosa |
Leguminosae-Fabaceae |
Roots |
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deguelin |
W2 (28.64 µM for compound 75 and 22.60 μg/mL for a mixture of deguelin and rotenone) |
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rotenone |
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| phenolics and quinones |
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| Ellagic acid derivative (phenolics) |
4-O-(3",4"-di-O-galloyl-a-rhamnopyranosyl) ellagic acid |
D6 (8.01 µM) W2 (8.01 µM) |
Terminalia brownii |
Combretaceae |
Stem bark |
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| Phenolic glycosides (phenolics) |
acetoside; |
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Gardenia ternifolia |
Rubiaceae |
Stem barks and leaves |
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isoacetoside |
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| Anthraquinones (quinones) |
10-acetonylknipholone cyclooxanthrrone |
D6 (from 0.47 to 23.25 μM) |
Kniphofia foliosa |
Asphodelaceae |
Rhizomes |
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knipholone anthrone |
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chryslandicin |
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10-hydroxy-10-(chryshphanol-7'-yl)chrysophanol anthrone |
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10-methoxy-10-(chryshphanol-7'-yl)chrysophanol anthrone |
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asphodelin |
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knipholone |
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isoknipholone knipholone cyclooxanthrone |
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joziknipholone A |
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joziknipholone B |
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dianellin |
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knipholone cyclooxanthrone |
W2 (from 0.35 to 18.42 μM ) |
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10-methoxy-10,7'-(chrysophanol anthrone)-chrysophanol |
D6 (7.73 μM) W2 (2.22 μM) |
Kniphofia foliosa |
Asphodelaceae |
Roots |
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knipholone cyclooxanthrone |
D6 (9.40 μM) W2 (14.58 μM) |
Kniphofia foliosa |
Asphodelaceae |
Roots |
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knippholone anthrone |
3D7 (0.7 μM) |
Kniphofia foliosa |
Asphodelaceae |
Leaves |
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joziknipholone A |
K1 (0.17 and 0.26 μm, respectively) |
Bulbine frutescens |
Asphodelaceae |
Roots |
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joziknipholone B |
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Chrysophanol |
D6 (19.66 to 82.80 μM) |
Aloe pulcherrima |
Asphodelaceae |
Roots |
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aloesaponarin I |
W2 (64.46 to 141.95 μM) |
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aloesaponarin II |
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asphodelin |
3D7 (1.9 μM) |
Kniphofia foliosa |
Asphodelaceae |
Leaves |
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canaliculin |
NF54 (weak activity) |
Diospyros canaliculata |
Ebenaceae |
Stem bark |
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| Anthrones (quinones) |
aloin A |
Suppression of parasitaemia from 36.8 to 66.8% at doses of 100 to 400 mg/kg /day |
Aloe percrassa |
Asphodelaceae |
Leaf latex |
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aloin B |
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microdontin A |
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microdontin B |
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| Naphthohydroquinones (quinones) |
busseihydroquinone A |
D6 (from 19.59 to 36.03 μM) |
Pentas bussei |
syn: Rhodopentas bussei, Rubiaceae |
Roots |
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busseihydroquinone B |
W2 (60.08 to 144.43 μM) |
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busseihydroquinone C |
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busseihydroquinone D |
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dihydronaphthoquinone |
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| Other quinones |
Peperovulcanone |
W2mef (52.25 μM) |
Peperomia vulcanica |
Piperaceae |
Whole plant |
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neobutomacroin |
D6 (19.28 μM); W2 (14.17 μM) |
Neoboutonia macrocalyx |
Euphorbaceae |
Stem bark |
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| steroids |
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| Ergostane phytosterols |
6a-methoxy-4,24(28)-ergostadiene-7a,20S-diol |
3D7 (IC50 values range from 11.2 to 22.0 µM) |
Antrocaryon klaineanum |
Anacardiaceae |
Stem bark |
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6a-methoxy-4,24(28)-ergostadiene-7a-ol |
W2 ( IC50 values range from 11.2 to 22.0 µM) |
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720S-dihydroergosta-4,24(28)-dien3-one |
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stigmasterol |
W2mef (IC50 value = 53.45 µM) |
Peperomia vulcanica |
Piperaceae |
Whole plant |
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b-stigmasterol |
W2 (IC50 value = 153.79 µM) |
Polyalthia longifolium var. pendula |
Annonaceae |
Stem |
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W2 (IC50 value = 172.9 µM); D6 (IC50 value = 68.3 µM) |
Turraea robusta |
Meliaceae |
Stem bark |
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D6 (IC50 value = 68.3 µM) |
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| Phytosterol glucosides |
sitosterol-3-O-b-D-glucopyranosde acetate |
D6 and W2 (from weak to moderate activities) |
Turraea nilotica |
Meliaceae |
Stem bark |
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stigmasterol-3-O-b-D-glucopyranoside acetate |
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sitosterol-3-O-b-D-glucopyranoside |
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| diterpenoids and sesquiterpenoids |
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| Clerodane diterpenes |
16-hydroxycleroda-3,13(14)-dien-16,15-olide; ; |
K1 (IC50 values range from 9.59 to 18.41 µM) |
Polyalthia longifolium var. pendula |
Annonaceae |
Stem |
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16-oxocleroda-3,13(14)E-dien-15-oic acid |
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3,16-dihydroxycleroda-4(18), 13(14) Z-dien-15,16-olide |
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| Daphnane diterpenoids |
mellerin B |
FcB1 (IC50 value = 19.02 µM) |
Neoboutonia macrocalyx |
Euphorbaceae |
Stem bark |
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simplexin |
D6 (IC50 values = 65.14 and 6.96 µM, respectively) |
Neoboutonia macrocalyx |
Euphorbaceae |
Stem bark |
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montanin |
W2 (IC50 values = 57.82 and 4.10 µM, respectively) |
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| Iridoid diterpenoid |
garjasmine |
K1 (IC50 value = 171.68 µM) |
Canthium multiflorum |
Rubiaceae |
Aerial part |
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| Labdane diterpenoids |
otostegindiol |
Suppression of Plasmodium berghei at doses of 25, 50 and 100 mg/kg with chemosuppression values of 50.13, 65.58 and 73.16%, respectively. |
Otostegia integrifolia |
syn: Rydingia integrifolia, Lamiaceae |
Leaves |
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| Norcassane furanoditerpene |
norcaesalpin D |
3D7 (IC50 2.20 μM); Dd2 (IC50 4.16 μM) |
Caesalpinia bonducella |
Caesalpiniaceae |
Roots |
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Dd2 (IC50 value = 4.16 μM) |
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| Sesquiterpenoids |
salaterpene A |
W2 (IC50 values range from 1.71 to 2.63 µM) |
Salacia longipes |
Celastraceae |
Seeds |
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salaterpene B |
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salaterpene C |
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salaterpene D |
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2b-acetoxy-1a,6b,9b-tribenzoyloxy-4b-hydroxy-dihydro-b-agarofuran |
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sclerienon C |
NF54 (IC50 15.69 μM); K1 (IC50 13.54 μM) |
Scleria striatinux |
Cyperaceae |
Rhizomes |
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| triterpenoids |
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| Acyclic triterpenes |
2-hydroxymethyl-2,3,22,23-tetrahydroxy-6,10,15,19,23-tetracosatetraene; 2,3,22,23-tetrahydroxy-2,6,10,15,19,23-hexamethyl-6,10,14,18-tetracosatetraene |
D6 (IC50 values = 27.1 and 56.1 µM, respectively) |
Ekebergia capensis |
Meliaceae |
Leaves |
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W2 (IC50 values = 66.9 and 64.3 µM, respectively) |
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| Apotirucallane triterpenoids |
prototiamin A |
NF54 (IC50 values range from 0.67 to 19.3 µM) |
Entandrophragma congoense |
Meliaceae |
Bark |
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prototiamin B |
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prototiamin C |
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prototiamin D |
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prototiamin E |
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prototiamin F |
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lupeone |
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seco tiaminic acid A |
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| Cycloartane triterpenes |
neomacrolactone |
FcB1 (all IC50 values < 11 μM, the lowest value being 1.48 μM) |
Neoboutonia macrocalyx |
Euphorbaceae |
Stem bark |
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22a-acetoxyneomacrolactone |
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6-hydroxyneomacrolactone |
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22a-acetoxy-6-hydroxyneomacrolactone |
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6,7-epoxyneomacrolactone |
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22a-acetoxy-6,7-epoxyneomacrolactone |
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methylen-neomacrolactone |
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neomacroin |
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| Lanostane triterpene |
ganoderic acid AW1 |
D6 (IC50 257.8 nM); W2 (IC50 2000.0 nM) |
Ganoderma sp. |
Ganodermataceae |
Whole organism |
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W2 (IC50 value = 2000.0 nM) |
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| Limonoids |
proceranolide |
D6 (IC50 value = 84.7 µM) |
Ekebergia capensis |
Meliaceae |
Leaves |
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W2 (IC50 value = 150.2 µM) |
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azadirone |
D6 (IC50 values range from 2.4 to 36.6 µM) |
Turraea robusta |
Meliaceae |
Root bark |
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12a-acetoxy-7-deacetylazadirone |
W2 (from 1.1 to 40.5 µM) |
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mzikonone |
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11-epi-toonacilin |
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azadironolide |
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| Oleanane triterpenes |
oleanonic acid |
D6 (IC50 values range from 38.8 to 205.0 µM) |
Ekebergia capensis |
Meliaceae |
Leaves |
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3-epi-oleanolic acid |
W2 (IC50 values range from 76.7 to 179.4 µM) |
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ekeberin A |
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oleanoic acid; |
3D7 (IC50 values = 59.4 and 32.4 µM, respectively) |
Keetia leucantha |
Rubiaceae |
Twigs |
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urosolic acid |
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urosolic acid |
D10 (IC50 values range from 3.81 to 15.54 μM) |
Mimusops caffra |
Sapotaceae |
Leaves |
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3-b-acetylurosolic acid |
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3-oxo-urosolic acid |
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| Tirucallane-type triterpenoids |
congoensin A |
NF54 (IC50 values range from 2.4 to 6.1 µM) |
Entandrophragma congoense |
Meliaceae |
Bark |
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congoensin B |
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gladoral A |
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| Protolimonoids |
niloticin |
D6 (IC50 values range from 36.8 to 48.2 µM) |
Turraea nilotica |
Meliaceae |
Stem bark |
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hispidol B |
W2 (IC50 values range from 37.2 to 77.0 µM) |
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piscidinol A |
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| Other triterpenoids (hopane-type and cycloartane-type) |
betulin |
NF54 (IC50 value = 112.94 μM) |
Diospyros canaliculata |
Ebenaceae |
Stem bark |
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lupeol |
NF54 (IC50 value = 97.73 μM) |
Erythrina caffra |
Papilionaceae |
Stem bark |
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22-de-O-acetyl-26-deoxyneoboutomellerone |
FcB1( IC50 value = 2.15 µM) |
Neoboutonia macrocalyx |
Euphorbaceae |
Stem bark |
|
| Amide |
Hydroxy-g-isosanshool |
3D7 (IC50 value = 39.04 µM) |
Zanthoxylum heterophyllum |
Rutaceae |
Leaves |
|
| Coumarins |
bergenin |
3D7 (viability percentage = 101.15) |
Diospyros conocarpa |
Ebenaceae |
Leaves, trunk, and roots |
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|
canaliculatin |
NF54 (IC50 values vary from 2.17 to 60.09 µM) |
Diospyros canaliculata |
Ebenaceae |
Stem bark |
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plumbagin |
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ismailin |
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| Ester |
erythinasinate |
NF54 (IC50 value = 42.59 µM) |
Erythrina caffra |
Papilionaceae |
Stem bark |
|
| Lactones |
morinolide |
NF54 (IC50 value = 109.99 µM) |
Vangueria infausta spp. infausta |
Rubiaceae |
Roots |
|
|
lippialactone |
D10 (IC50 value = 24.70 µM) |
Lippia javanica |
Verbenaceae |
Leaves |
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| Naphthalene derivatives |
dianellin |
D6 (IC50 value = 10.52 µM; W2 (IC50 value = 6.32 µM) |
Kniphofia foliosa |
Asphodelaceae |
Rhizomes |
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2-acetyl-1-hydroxy-8-methoxy-3-methylnaphthalene |
3D7 (IC50 value = 67.32 µM) |
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dianellin |
D6 (IC50 value = 10.48 µM); W2 (IC50 value = 6.28 µM) |
Kniphofia foliosa |
Asphodelaceae |
Roots |
|
| Spirobisnaphthalene |
bpendensin |
NF54 (IC50 value = 73.28 µM) |
Entandrophragma congoense |
Meliaceae |
Bark |
|
| Xanthones |
1,7-dihydroxyxanthone |
F32/24h (IC50 values range from 1.16 to 70.33 µM) |
Allanblackia floribunda |
Guttiferae- Clusiaceae |
Whole plant |
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macularaxanthone |
F32/72h (from 0.91 to 50.23 µM) |
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allaxanthone B |
FCM29/24h (from 0.83 to 17.93 µM) |
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FCM29/24h (from 0.68 to 67.22 µM) |
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