Synopsis of medicinal plants used in the management of malaria in Kenya |
Omara T. Antimalarial Plants Used across Kenyan Communities. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2020:4538602. PMID: 32617107 |
Plant |
Part used |
Extracting solvent |
Antiplasmodial (IC50 μg/ml)/antimalarial activity (Plasmodium strain) |
Active phytochemicals and toxicity information |
Justicia betonica L. |
Shoot |
Methanol, water, ether |
69.6 (K39), >100 (K39), 13.36 μg/ml |
Justetonin (indole(3,2-b) quinoline alkaloid glycoside) |
Allium sativum L. |
Synthetic |
Ethanol |
50 mg/kg of ajoene suppressed development of parasitemia; ajoene (50 mg/kg) and chloroquine (4.5 mg/kg), given as a single dose, prevented development of parasitemia |
Ajoene, nontoxic |
Acmella caulirhiza |
Whole plant |
Dichloromethane |
9.939 (D6); 5.201 (W2) |
No reports |
Aloe kedongensis Reynolds |
Leaves |
Methanol |
87.7 (D6); 67.8 (W2) |
Anthrone, C-glucoside homonataloin, anthraquinones, aloin, lectins |
Aloe secundiflora Eng. |
Leaf exudate |
Tested direct |
66.20 (K39) |
No reports |
Achyranthes aspera L. |
Leaf, stem, roots, seeds |
Ethanol |
>100, 76.75, >100, >100 μg/ml |
Alkaloids, glycosides, saponins, triterpenoids |
Artemisia annua L. |
Leaves |
Water |
1.1 (D10), 0.9 (W2) |
Sesquiterpenes and sesquiterpene lactones including artemisinin; safe and effective; artemisinin is safe for pregnant women |
Bidens pilosa L. |
Leaves |
Dichloromethane, chloroform, water, and methanol |
8.5, 5, 11, 70 (D10) |
No reports |
Maytenus undata (Thunb.) Blakelock |
Leaves |
Dichloromethane, dichloromethane/chloroform (1 : 1), methanol, water |
>100, 21, 60, >100 (D10) |
No reports |
Stem |
Dichloromethane, dichloromethane/chloroform (1 : 1), methanol, water |
85, 24, 38, >100 (D10) |
Roots |
Dichloromethane, chloroform, methanol, water |
23, 36, 40, >100 (D10) |
Rhus natalensis Bernh. ex Krauss |
Stem bark, leaves |
Ethanol |
>50 (FcB1) |
Triterpenoids |
Leaves, roots |
Methanol |
43.92 (D6), 51.2 (W2); >100 (D6), 80.44 (W2) |
Carissa edulis (Forssk.) Vahl |
Stem bark, root bark, roots |
Dichloromethane, chloroform, water, and methanol |
33 (D10), 6.41 (D6), >250, 148.53 and >250, >250 against ENT 30, and NF 54, respectively |
Lignan, nortrachelogenin, cytotoxicity IC50 > 20, LD50 of 260.34, and 186.71 μg/ml for water and methanol extracts |
Euphorbia tirucalli L. |
Leaves |
Dichloromethane, dichloromethane/methanol (1 : 1), methanol, water |
12, 23.5, >100, 83 (D10) |
No reports |
Psiadia punctulata |
Twigs |
Dichloromethane, water |
9, >100 (D10) |
No reports |
Leaves |
Dichloromethane, dichloromethane/methanol (1 : 1), water |
14, 22.5, >100 (D10) |
Whole plant |
Dichloromethane/methanol (1 : 1), water |
18 (D10), >100 (D10) |
Ricinus communis L. |
Leaves |
Dichloromethane/methanol (1 : 1), water |
27.5, >100 (D10) |
No reports |
Stems |
Dichloromethane/methanol (1 : 1), water |
8, >100 (D10) |
Fruit |
Dichloromethane/methanol (1 : 1), water |
90, >100 (D10) |
Catharanthus roseus G. Don |
Leaves |
Methanol |
4.6 (D6); 5.3 (W2) |
Has neurotoxic alkaloids, terpenoids, flavonoids, sesquiterpenes |
Caesalpinia volkensii Harms |
Leaves |
Decoction, ethanol, petroleum ether, methanol, water |
480, 481, 490, 858, 404 (FCA: 20 GHA), 923, 960, 250, 961, 563 (W2) |
No reports |
Artemisia afra Jacq. ex Willd |
Leaves |
Methanol |
9.1 (, D6); 3.9 (W2) |
Acacetin, genkwanin, 7-methoxyacacetin; cytotoxicity observed in Vero cells |
Microglossa pyrifolia (Lam.) O. Ktze |
Leaves |
Chloroform, dichloromethane |
<5 (both NF54 and FCR3) |
E-Phytol, 6e-geranylgeraniol-19-oic acid; cytotoxic to human foetal lung fibroblast cell lines |
Cucumis aculeatus Cogn |
Fruit |
Water |
>30 |
No reports |
Schkuhria pinnata (Lam.) |
Whole plant |
Water |
22.5 (D6); 51.8 (W2) |
Schkuhrin I and schkuhrin II; methanol extract: low cytotoxicity against human cells; aqueous extracts: no toxicity observed in mice |
Solanecio mannii (Hook. f.) C. Jeffrey |
Leaves |
Methanol |
21.6 (3D7); 26.2 (W2) |
Phytosterols, n-alkanes, and N-hexacosanol |
Tagetes minuta L. |
Leaves |
Ethyl acetate |
61.0% inhibition at 10 μg/ml |
No reports |
Tithonia diversifolia A. Gray |
Leaves, aerial parts |
Methanol, ether |
1.2 (3D7), 1.5 (W2), methanolic extract had 74% parasitemia suppression |
Tagitinin C and sesquiterpene lactones; aerial parts are cytotoxic against cells from the human foetal lung fibroblast cell line. |
Vernonia amygdalina Del. |
Leaves |
Methanol/dichloromethane, ethanol |
2.7 (K1), 9.83. In vivo parasite suppression of between 57.2 and 72.7% in combination with chloroquine |
Vernolepin, vernolin, vernolide, vernodalin and hydroxy vernodalin, and steroid glucosides; petroleum ether extract shows strong cytotoxicity |
Vernonia auriculifera (Welw.) Hiern |
Leaves |
Ethane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, water |
>100, 37.7, 40.3, 55.2, >100 (K39) |
No reports |
Vernonia brachycalyx O. Hoffm. Schreber |
Leaves |
Chloroform/ethyl acetate, methanol |
6.6, 31.2 (K39) 29.6, 30.2 (V1/S) |
5-Methylcoumarin isomers, 16,17-dihydrobrachycalyxoloid |
Vernonia lasiopus O. Hoffm. |
Leaves |
Methanol |
44.3 (D6); 52.4 (W2) |
Sesquiterpene lactones, polysaccharides |
Markhamia lutea (Benth.) K. Schum. |
Leaves |
Ethyl acetate |
71% inhibition of P. falciparum at 10 μg/ml |
Phenylpropanoid glycosides, cycloartane triterpenoids, musambins A-C, Candmusambiosides A-C |
Spathodea campanulata |
Stem bark, leaves |
Ethyl acetate, ethanol |
28.9% inhibition of P. falciparum |
Quinone (lapachol) |
Cassia didymobotrya Fres. |
Leaves |
Methanol |
23.4 (D6); undetectable (W2) |
Alkaloids |
Warbugia ugandensis Sprague |
Stem bark |
Methanol, water |
6.4 (D6); 6.9 (W2), 12.9 (D6); 15.6 (W2) |
Coloratane sesquiterpenes, e.g., muzigadiolide |
Dichloromethane |
69% parasite inhibition |
Carica papaya L. |
Leaves |
Ethyl acetate |
2.96 (D10), 3.98 (DD2) |
Alkaloids, saponins, tannins, glycosides; no serious toxicity reported; carpaine, an active compound against P. falciparum had high selectivity and was nontoxic to normal red blood cells |
Maytenus senegalensis |
Roots |
Ethanol |
1.9 (D6), 2.4 (W2) |
Terpenoids, pentacyclic triterpenes, e.g., pristimerin; no toxicity observed in ethanol extract |
Ethulia scheffleri S.Moore |
Leaves |
Chloroform/ethyl acetate/methanol |
49.8 (K39), 32.2 (V1/S) |
No reports |
Combretum molle G. Don |
Stem bark |
Acetone |
8.2 (3D7) |
Phenolics, punicalagin |
Momordica foetida Schumach |
Shoot |
Water |
6.16 (NF54); 0.35 (FCR3) |
Saponins, alkaloid, and cardiac glycosides; no pronounced toxicity against human hepatocellular (HepG2) and human urinary bladder carcinoma (ECV-304, derivative of T-24) cells |
Clutia abyssinica Jaub. & Spach |
Leaves |
Methanol |
7.8 (D6); 11.3 (W2) |
Diterpenes |
Croton macrostachyus Olive. |
Leaves |
Chloroform, dichloromethane |
Chemotherapeutic effect of 66–82%, 2 (D6) |
Triterpenoids including lupeol |
Flueggea virosa (Roxb. ex Willd) Voigt |
Leaves |
Water/methanol |
2.0 (W2) |
Bergenin, nontoxic, extracts exposed to murine macrophages did not slow or inhibit growth of cells |
Erythrina abyssinica Lam. |
Stem bark |
Ethyl acetate |
83.6% inhibition of P. falciparum at 10 μg/ml |
Chalcones (5-prenylbutein and homobutein), flavanones including 5-deoxyabyssinin II, abyssinin III, and abyssinone IV |
Kigelia africana (Lam.) Benth |
Bark, fruit |
Chloroform/ethyl acetate, methanol |
59.9 (K39), 83.8 (V1/S); fruits had 165.9 (K39) |
No reports |
Trichilia emetica Vahl |
Leaves, twigs |
Dichloromethane/methanol (1 : 1) |
3.5 for all (D10) |
Kurubasch aldehyde |
Senna didymobotrya (Fresen.) H. S. Irwin & Barneby |
Leaves, twigs |
Methanol, dichloromethane/methanol (1 : 1) |
>100 (K39), 9.5 (D10) |
Quinones |
Tamarindus indica L. |
Stem bark |
Water |
25.1% chemosuppressive activity at 10 mg/kg (P. berghei) |
Saponins (leaves), tannins (fruits) |
Harungana madagascariensis Lam. |
Stem bark |
Water, ethanol |
9.64 (K1); <0.5 with 28.6–44.8% parasite suppression |
Quinones including bazouanthrone, ferutinin A, harunganin, harunganol A, anthraquinones, saponins, steroids |
Rotheca myricoides (Hochst.) Steane and Mabb |
Leaves |
Methanol |
9.51–10.56 and 82% parasite suppression at 600 mg/kg |
No reports |
Leucas calostachys Oliv. |
Leaves |
Methanol |
3.45 with parasite inhibition of 3.5–5.2% |
No reports |
Ajuga remota Benth. |
Whole plant |
Ethanol; decoction, ethanol, petroleum ether, methanol, and water |
55 (FCA/GHA), 57 (W2); 937, 55, 149, 504, 414 (FCA/GHA), 371, 57, 253, 493, 101 (W2) |
Ajugarin-1, ergosterol-5,8-endoperoxide, 8-oacetylharpagide, steroids |
Suregada zanzibariensis Baill |
Root bark |
Water, methanol |
≤10 (K67), (ENT36) |
Alkaloids |
Clerodendrum myricoides R. Br. |
Root bark |
Ethanol |
4.7 (D6); 8.3 (W2) |
No reports |
Chloroform |
>10 (D6) |
Cytotoxicity, IC50 > 20.0 μg/ml |
Hoslundia opposita Vahl. |
Leaves |
Ethyl acetate |
66.2% inhibition of P. falciparum at 10 μg/ml |
Quinones, saponins, abietane diterpenes (3-obenzoylhosloppone) |
Roots; aerial parts |
Methanol |
79.38 (D6), 64.21 (W2); 19.73 (D6), 29.41 (W2) |
Leonotis nepetifolia |
Leaves |
Ethyl acetate, dichloromethane/methanol (1 : 1), water |
27.0% inhibition of P. falciparum at 10 μg/ml, 15, >100 (D10) |
No reports |
Ocimum basilicum L. |
Leaves, whole plant |
Ethanol |
68.14 (3D7); 67.27 (INDO) |
No reports |
Ocimum gratissimum Wild |
Leaves/twigs |
Dichloromethane |
8.6 (W2) |
Flavonoids |
Ocimum suave Wild |
Leaves |
Water (hot), chloroform/methanol mixture |
100 mg/kg/day of extracts provided 81.45% and 78.39% parasite chemosuppression |
|
Plectranthus barbatus Andrews |
Leaves |
Dichloromethane |
No activity |
No toxicity recorded |
Root bark |
Water (hot), chloroform/methanol mixture |
100 mg/kg/day of extracts had 55.23% and 78.69% parasite chemosuppression |
|
Azadirachta indica A. Juss. |
Leaves |
Water, methanol |
17.9 (D6); 43.7 (W2) |
Terpenoids, isoprenoids, gedunin, limonoids: khayanthone, meldenin, and nimbinin; cytotoxicity LD50 of 101.26 and 61.43 μg/ml for water and methanol extracts |
Melia azedarach |
Leaves |
Methanol, dichloromethane |
55.1 (3D7), 19.1 (W2); 28 |
No reports |
Ficus thonningii Blume |
Leaves |
Hexane |
10.4 |
No reports |
Cissampelos mucronata A. Rich. |
Root bark, root |
Methanol, ethyl acetate |
8.8 (D6); 9.2 (W2); root extract <3.91 (D6), 0.24 (W2) for the active compound (curine) |
Benzylisoquinoline alkaloids, curine |
Acacia nilotica L. |
Stem bark |
Methanol |
100 mg/kg produced 77.7% parasitic inhibition |
Tannins, flavonoids, terpenes |
Water, methanol |
>250, 153.79 (ENT 30), 73.59, 70.33 (NF 54) |
LD50 of 368.11 and 267.31 μg/ml for water and methanol extracts |
Albizia coriaria Welw. ex Oliv |
Stem bark |
Methanol |
15.2 (D6); 16.8 (W2) |
Triterpenoids, lupeol, lupenone |
Ageratum conyzoides L. |
Whole plant |
Dichloromethane, methanol |
2.15 (D6); 3.444 (W2), 11.5 (D6); 12.1 (W2) |
Flavonoids |
Albizia zygia (DC.) Macbr. |
Stem bark |
Methanol |
1.0 (K1) |
Flavonoids mainly 3′,4′,7-trihydroxyflavone; aqueous extract is relatively safe on subacute exposure |
Maesa lanceolata Forsk. |
Twig |
Dichloromethane: methanol (1 : 1) |
5.9 (D10) |
Lanciaquinones, 2,5, dihydroxy-3-(nonadec-14-enyl)-1,4-benzoquinone |
Securidaca longipedunculata Fresen. |
Leaves |
Dichloromethane |
6.9 (D10) |
Saponins, flavonoids, alkaloids, steroids |
Prunus africana (Hook. f.) Kalkman |
Stem bark |
Methanol |
17.3 (D6); not detected (W2) |
Terpenoids |
Pentas longiflora Oliv. |
Root |
Methanol |
0.99 (D6); 0.93 (W2) |
Pyranonaphthoquinones, pentalongin and psychorubrin, and naphthalene derivative mollugin; low cytotoxicity |
Teclea nobilis Delile |
Bark |
70% ethanol |
53.27% suppression of parasitemia at 700 mg/kg |
Tannins, alkaloids, saponins, flavonoids |
Ethyl acetate |
54.7% inhibition of P. falciparum at 10 μg/ml |
Quinoline alkaloids |
Toddalia asiatica |
Root bark, fruits, and leaves |
Methanol, water, ethyl acetate, hexane |
6.8 (D6); 13.9 (W2); ethyl acetate fruit extract (1.80 mg/ml), root bark aqueous (2.43) (W2) |
Furoquinolines (nitidine and 5,6-dihydronitidine), coumarins; acute and cytotoxicity of the extracts, with the exception of hexane extract from the roots showed LD50 > 1000 mg/kg and CC50 > 100 mg/ml, respectively |
Zanthoxylum chalybeum Engl. |
Stem bark |
Water |
4.3 (NF54); 25.1 (FCR3) |
Chelerythine, nitidine, and methyl canadine; no toxicity recorded |
Trimeria grandifolia (Hochst.) Warb. |
Leaves |
Methanol |
>50 (3D7) |
No reports |
Harrisonia abyssinica Olive. |
Roots |
Water, methanol |
4.4 (D6), 10.25 (W2); 89.74, 79.50 (ENT 30); 86.56, 72.66 (NF 54) |
Limonoids and steroids; LD50 of 234.71 and 217.34 μg/ml for water and methanol extracts |
Lantana camara L. |
Leaves, leaves/twigs |
Dichloromethane, dichloromethane/methanol (1 : 1), water |
8.7 (3D7), 5.7 (W2), 11 (D10), >100 (D10), >100 (D10) |
Lantanine, sesquiterpenes, triterpenes, flavonoids |
Flacourtia indica (Burm. f.) Merr. |
Roots |
Dichloromethane, dichloromethane/methanol (1 : 1), water |
86.5 (D10), 78 (D10), >100 (D10) |
No reports |
Clausena anisata |
Twigs, leaves |
Dichloromethane/methanol (1 : 1), water |
18 (D10), >100 (D10); 55, >100 (D10) |
No reports |
Flueggea virosa (Roxb.ex Willd.) Baill. |
Leaves/twigs |
Dichloromethane/methanol (1 : 1), water |
19 (D10), 11.4 (D10) |
Alkaloids, bergenin (root bark), securinine, and viroallosecurinine |
Alkaloids: Securinine and viroallosecurinine had IC50 of 2.7 and 2.9 |
Lantana trifolia L. |
Ariel parts |
Petroleum ether, chloroform, ethanol |
13.2, >50, >50 (plasmodial lactate dehydrogenase) |
Steroids, terpenoids, alkaloids, saponins |
Bridelia micrantha (Hochst.) Baill. |
Stem bark, leaves |
Methanol |
158.7 (K1) |
No reports |
Balanites aegyptiaca (L.) Del. |
Root bark |
Chloroform |
3.49 (D6) |
Cytotoxicity IC50 > 20 μg/ml |
Sericocomopsis hildebrandtii |
Root bark |
Chloroform |
3.78 (D6) |
Cytotoxicity IC50 > 20 μg/ml |
Boscia angustifolia |
Inner bark |
Chloroform |
>10.0 (D6); not active |
Cytotoxicity IC50 > 20 μg/ml |
Acacia tortilis |
Root bark |
Chloroform |
>10.0 (D6); not active |
Cytotoxicity IC50 > 20 μg/ml |
Commiphora schimperi |
Inner bark |
Chloroform |
4.63 (D6) |
Cytotoxicity IC50 > 20 μg/ml |
Acacia mellifera |
Inner bark |
Chloroform |
4.48 (D6) |
Cytotoxicity IC50 > 20 μg/ml |
Fuerstia africana |
Leaf, aerial parts, leaves |
Chloroform, petroleum ether, methanol |
3.76 (D6), 1.5, <15 with >70% parasite suppression |
Ferruginol, cytotoxicity IC50 > 20 μg/ml |
Psiadia punctulata |
Root bark |
Chloroform |
>10.0 (D6); not active |
Cytotoxicity IC50 > 20 μg/ml |
Ajuga integrifolia Buch.-Ham |
Leaves |
Methanol |
35.17% at 800 mg/kg/day parasite suppression |
Alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, terpenoids, anthraquinone, steroids, tannins, phenols, and fatty acids; no lethal effect on mice in 24 h and within 10 days of observation |
Albizia gummifera |
|
Methanol |
0.16 (NF54), 0.99 (ENT 30) for alkaloidal fraction, spermine alkaloids had parasite suppression of 43–72% |
Spermine alkaloids (budmunchiamine K, 6-hydroxybudmunchiamine K, 5-normethylbudmunchiamine K, 6-hydroxy-5-normethylbudmunchiamine K, 9-normethylbudmunchiamine K) |
Rhamnus staddo |
Root bark |
Chloroform |
>10.0 (D6); not active |
Cytotoxicity IC50 > 20 μg/ml |
Ocimum kilimandscharicum |
Leaves, twigs |
Dichloromethane |
0.843 (D6); 1.547 (W2) |
No reports |
Gutenbergia cordifolia |
Leaves |
Chloroform |
0.4 (D6) |
Cytotoxicity IC50 = 0.2 μg/ml |
Piper capense |
Root bark |
Chloroform |
>10.0 (D6); not active |
Cytotoxicity IC50 > 20 μg/ml |
Pentas lanceolata |
Root bark |
Chloroform |
5.15 (D6) |
Cytotoxicity IC50 > 20 μg/ml |
Clematis brachiata |
Root bark |
Chloroform |
4.15 (D6) |
Cytotoxicity IC50 > 20 μg/ml |
Ekebergia capensis |
Inner bark, fruit, twigs |
Chloroform, dichloromethane/methanol (1 : 1) |
3.97 (D6), 10, 18 (D10) |
Cytotoxicity IC50 > 20 μg/ml |
Rhamnus prinoides |
Root bark |
Chloroform |
3.53 (D6) |
Cytotoxicity IC50 > 20 μg/ml |
Olea europaea ssp. Africana |
Inner bark, leaves, twigs |
Chloroform, dichloromethane/methanol (1 : 1) |
9.48 (D6), 12, 13 (D10) |
Cytotoxicity IC50 > 20 μg/ml |
Pappea capensis |
Inner bark |
Chloroform |
>10.0 (D6); not active |
Cytotoxicity IC50 > 20 μg/ml |
Pittosporum viridiflorum Sims |
Whole plant, leaves/flowers |
Dichloromethane, methanol, dichloromethane/methanol (1 : 1) |
3, 10, 27.7, (D10), 28, 47, 70.5 (D10) |
Triterpenoid estersaponin, pittoviridoside (saponins) |
Podocarpus latifolius |
Root bark |
Chloroform |
6.43 (D6) |
Cytotoxicity IC50 > 20 μg/ml |
Rumex abyssinicus Jacq. |
Root |
Dichloromethane |
<15 |
No reports |
Rubus pinnatus Wild |
Leaves |
Ethanol |
20% parasite suppression |
No reports |
Zanthoxylum gilletii |
Stem bark |
Dichloromethane/methanol (1 : 1) |
2.52 (W2), 1.48 (D6), 1.43 (3D7) |
Nitidine, seas amine 8-acetyl dihydrochelerythrine |
Solanum incanum L. |
Leaves |
Chloroform/methanol |
31% parasite suppression |
No reports |
Rhoicissus tridentata |
Roots |
Water |
>40.0 |
No reports |
Acacia hockii |
Root bark |
Chloroform |
>10.0 (D6); not active |
Cytotoxicity IC50 > 20 μg/ml |
Lippia javanica (Burm.f.) Spreng |
Roots |
Chloroform/ethyl acetate, methanol |
16.7, 40.6 (K39), 19.2, 40.1 (V1/S) |
No reports |
Roots, stem |
Dichloromethane, methanol, dichloromethane/methanol (1 : 1) |
3.8, 27, 24 (D10), 4.5, 21.8, 29.8 (D10) |
Premna chrysoclada (Bojer) Gürke |
Roots, leaves |
Methanol |
27.63 (D6), 52.35 (W2); 7.75 (D6), 9.02 (W2) |
Not cytotoxic at 100 μg/ml |
Allophylus pervillei Blume |
Roots, stem bark |
Methanol |
45.62 (D6), 48.91 (W2); >100 (D6),>100 (W2) |
Not cytotoxic at 100 μg/ml |
Aganthesanthemum bojeri Klotzsch. |
Whole plant |
Methanol |
55.3 (D6), 55.97 (W2) |
Not cytotoxic at 100 μg/ml |
Abrus precatorius L. |
Leaves |
Methanol |
85.59 (D6), >100 (W2) |
Not cytotoxic at 100 μg/ml |
Combretum illairii Engl. |
Stem bark, leaves |
Methanol |
55.96 (D6), 58.54 (W2); 24.21 (D6), 33.31 (W2) |
Not cytotoxic at 100 μg/ml |
Grewia plagiophylla K. Schum |
Leaves, stem bark |
Methanol |
13.28 (D6), 34.2 (W2); >100 (D6), >100 (W2) |
Not cytotoxic at 100 μg/ml |
Combretum padoides Engl. & Diels |
Roots |
Methanol |
21.73 (D6), 59.43 (W2) |
Not cytotoxic at 100 μg/ml |
Uvaria acuminata |
Leaves, roots |
Methanol |
51.13 (D6), >100 (W2); 8.89 (D6), 6.90 (W2) |
Cytotoxic with CC50 of 2.37 μg/ml. |
Ormocarpum trachycarpum |
Roots |
Chloroform/ethyl acetate, methanol, water |
19.6, 41.7, 79.4 (K39); 17.5, 32.8 (V1/S) |
No reports |
Plectranthus sylvestris Gurke |
Leaves |
Chloroform/ethyl acetate, methanol |
41.1, 56.2 (K39); 61.0 (V1/S) |
No reports |
Turraea robusta |
Root bark |
Water, methanol |
25.32, 2.09 (D6), 42.41, 10.32 (W2) |
IC50 of 24.38 and 45.72 μg/ml for methanol and aqueous extracts against Vero cells (cytotoxic) |
Lannea schweinfurthii |
Stem bark |
Water, methanol |
10.55 and 75.90, 11.38 and 36.26 (D6 and W2) |
IC50 of 225.25 and 3256.52 μg/ml for methanol and aqueous extracts against Vero cells |
Sclerocarya birrea |
Stem bark |
Water, methanol |
18.96 and 71.74, 5.91 and 24.96 (D6 and W2) |
IC50 of 361.24 and 3375.22 μg/ml for methanol and aqueous extracts against Vero cells |
Withania somnifera |
Stem bark |
Water, methanol |
>250, >250 (ENT 30); 145.86, 125.59 (NF 54) |
LD50 of 301.44 and 207.27 μg/ml for water and methanol extracts |
Zanthoxylum usambarense |
Stem bark |
Water, methanol |
14.33, 5.25 (ENT 30); 5.54, 3.20 (NF 54) |
LD50 of 260.90 and 97.66 μg/ml for water and methanol extracts |
Fagaropsis angolensis |
Stem bark |
Water, methanol |
10.65, 6.13 (ENT 30); 5.04, 4.68 (NF 54) |
LD50 of 173.48 and 57.09 μg/ml for water and methanol extracts |
Myrica salicifolia |
Stem bark |
Water, methanol |
85.97, 66.84 (ENT 30); 55.89, 51.07 (NF 54) |
LD50 of 328.22 and 320.17 μg/ml for water and methanol extracts |
Strychnos henningsii Gilg |
Stem bark |
Water, methanol |
73.39, 67.16 (ENT 30); 190.0, 159.71 (NF 54) |
LD50 of 293.93 and 101.22 μg/ml for water and methanol extracts |
Neoboutonia macrocalyx |
Stem bark |
Water, methanol |
92.85, 84.56 (ENT 30); 78.44, 78.40 (NF 54) |
LD50 of 41.69 and 21.04 μg/ml for water and methanol extracts |
Urtica massaica Mildbr. |
Aerial parts |
Hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, water, methanol |
>100 (K39) |
No reports |
Uvaria scheffleri Diels |
Leaves, stem, root bark |
Petroleum ether, dichloromethane, methanol |
5–500 (K1) |
Indole alkaloid-(±L)-schefflone, uvaretin, diuvaretin |
Rauwolfia cothen |
Root bark |
Petroleum ether, dichloromethane, methanol |
0–499 (K1) |
Yohimbine, an indole alkaloid |
Tridax procumbens L. |
Whole plant |
Dichloromethane/methanol (1 : 1), water |
17 (D10), >100 (D10) |
Bergenin |
Centella asiatica |
Leaves |
Dichloromethane/methanol (1 : 1) |
8.3 (D10) |
Alkaloids, sesquiterpenes |
Ficus sur |
Stem bark |
Hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, water, methanol |
19.2, 9.0, >100, >100, >100 (K39) |
No reports |
Euphorbia inaequilatera Sond. |
Whole plant |
Hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, water, methanol |
19.2, 9.0, >100, >100, >100 (K39) |
No reports |
Spermacoce princeae (K. Schum.) Verdc. |
Whole plant |
Hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, water, methanol |
>100 (K39) |
No reports |
Senna occidentalis |
Leaves |
Dimethyl sulfoxide, ethanol |
48.80 (3D7), 54.28 (NIDO); <3; |
Quinones |
Ethanol, dichloromethane |
>60% parasitemia suppression |
Searsia natalensis (Bernh. ex C. Krauss) |
Leaves |
Chloroform |
1.8 (plasmodial lactate dehydrogenase) |
No reports |
Plasmodium falciparum isolates: D6, 3D7, D10, FCA/GHA (FCA: 20 GHA), FCR3, K39, and NF54 are chloroquine sensitive; DD2, ENT 30, FCR3, K1, NIDO, V1/S, and W2 are chloroquine resistant. For [48], control used for cytotoxicity study (vinblastine) had the effective dose to inhibit 50% growth (ED50) = 0.038 μg/ml. An ED50 greater than 20 μg/ml indicates that the plant extract lacks cytotoxicity. The control drug chloroquine had a toxicity of 17.4 μg/ml and IC50 of 0.004 μg/ml against D6 clone. |
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