Synopsis of medicinal plants used in the management of malaria in Kenya
Omara T. Antimalarial Plants Used across Kenyan Communities. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2020:4538602.  PMID: 32617107
Plant Part used Extracting solvent Antiplasmodial (IC50μg/ml)/antimalarial activity (Plasmodium strain) Active phytochemicals and toxicity information
Justicia betonica L. Shoot Methanol, water, ether 69.6 (K39), >100 (K39), 13.36 μg/ml Justetonin (indole(3,2-b) quinoline alkaloid glycoside)
Allium sativum L. Synthetic Ethanol 50 mg/kg of ajoene suppressed development of parasitemia; ajoene (50 mg/kg) and chloroquine (4.5 mg/kg), given as a single dose, prevented development of parasitemia Ajoene, nontoxic
Acmella caulirhiza Whole plant Dichloromethane 9.939 (D6); 5.201 (W2) No reports
Aloe kedongensis Reynolds Leaves Methanol 87.7 (D6); 67.8 (W2) Anthrone, C-glucoside homonataloin, anthraquinones, aloin, lectins
Aloe secundiflora Eng. Leaf exudate Tested direct 66.20 (K39) No reports
Achyranthes aspera L. Leaf, stem, roots, seeds Ethanol >100, 76.75, >100, >100 μg/ml Alkaloids, glycosides, saponins, triterpenoids
Artemisia annua L. Leaves Water 1.1 (D10), 0.9 (W2) Sesquiterpenes and sesquiterpene lactones including artemisinin; safe and effective; artemisinin is safe for pregnant women
Bidens pilosa L. Leaves Dichloromethane, chloroform, water, and methanol 8.5, 5, 11, 70 (D10) No reports
Maytenus undata (Thunb.) Blakelock Leaves Dichloromethane, dichloromethane/chloroform (1 : 1), methanol, water >100, 21, 60, >100 (D10) No reports
Stem Dichloromethane, dichloromethane/chloroform (1 : 1), methanol, water 85, 24, 38, >100 (D10)
Roots Dichloromethane, chloroform, methanol, water 23, 36, 40, >100 (D10)
Rhus natalensis Bernh. ex Krauss Stem bark, leaves Ethanol >50 (FcB1) Triterpenoids
Leaves, roots Methanol 43.92 (D6), 51.2 (W2); >100 (D6), 80.44 (W2)
Carissa edulis (Forssk.) Vahl Stem bark, root bark, roots Dichloromethane, chloroform, water, and methanol 33 (D10), 6.41 (D6), >250, 148.53 and >250, >250 against ENT 30, and NF 54, respectively Lignan, nortrachelogenin, cytotoxicity IC50 > 20, LD50 of 260.34, and 186.71 μg/ml for water and methanol extracts
Euphorbia tirucalli L. Leaves Dichloromethane, dichloromethane/methanol (1 : 1), methanol, water 12, 23.5, >100, 83 (D10) No reports
Psiadia punctulata Twigs Dichloromethane, water 9, >100 (D10) No reports
Leaves Dichloromethane, dichloromethane/methanol (1 : 1), water 14, 22.5, >100 (D10)
Whole plant Dichloromethane/methanol (1 : 1), water 18 (D10), >100 (D10)
Ricinus communis L. Leaves Dichloromethane/methanol (1 : 1), water 27.5, >100 (D10) No reports
Stems Dichloromethane/methanol (1 : 1), water 8, >100 (D10)
Fruit Dichloromethane/methanol (1 : 1), water 90, >100 (D10)
Catharanthus roseus G. Don Leaves Methanol 4.6 (D6); 5.3 (W2) Has neurotoxic alkaloids, terpenoids, flavonoids, sesquiterpenes
Caesalpinia volkensii Harms Leaves Decoction, ethanol, petroleum ether, methanol, water 480, 481, 490, 858, 404 (FCA: 20 GHA), 923, 960, 250, 961, 563 (W2) No reports
Artemisia afra Jacq. ex Willd Leaves Methanol 9.1 (, D6); 3.9 (W2) Acacetin, genkwanin, 7-methoxyacacetin; cytotoxicity observed in Vero cells
Microglossa pyrifolia (Lam.) O. Ktze Leaves Chloroform, dichloromethane <5 (both NF54 and FCR3) E-Phytol, 6e-geranylgeraniol-19-oic acid; cytotoxic to human foetal lung fibroblast cell lines
Cucumis aculeatus Cogn Fruit Water >30 No reports
Schkuhria pinnata (Lam.) Whole plant Water 22.5 (D6); 51.8 (W2) Schkuhrin I and schkuhrin II; methanol extract: low cytotoxicity against human cells; aqueous extracts: no toxicity observed in mice
Solanecio mannii (Hook. f.) C. Jeffrey Leaves Methanol 21.6 (3D7); 26.2 (W2) Phytosterols, n-alkanes, and N-hexacosanol
Tagetes minuta L. Leaves Ethyl acetate 61.0% inhibition at 10 μg/ml No reports
Tithonia diversifolia A. Gray Leaves, aerial parts Methanol, ether 1.2 (3D7), 1.5 (W2), methanolic extract had 74% parasitemia suppression Tagitinin C and sesquiterpene lactones; aerial parts are cytotoxic against cells from the human foetal lung fibroblast cell line.
Vernonia amygdalina Del. Leaves Methanol/dichloromethane, ethanol 2.7 (K1), 9.83. In vivo parasite suppression of between 57.2 and 72.7% in combination with chloroquine Vernolepin, vernolin, vernolide, vernodalin and hydroxy vernodalin, and steroid glucosides; petroleum ether extract shows strong cytotoxicity
Vernonia auriculifera (Welw.) Hiern Leaves Ethane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, water >100, 37.7, 40.3, 55.2, >100 (K39) No reports
Vernonia brachycalyx O. Hoffm. Schreber Leaves Chloroform/ethyl acetate, methanol 6.6, 31.2 (K39) 29.6, 30.2 (V1/S) 5-Methylcoumarin isomers, 16,17-dihydrobrachycalyxoloid
Vernonia lasiopus O. Hoffm. Leaves Methanol 44.3 (D6); 52.4 (W2) Sesquiterpene lactones, polysaccharides
Markhamia lutea (Benth.) K. Schum. Leaves Ethyl acetate 71% inhibition of P. falciparum at 10 μg/ml Phenylpropanoid glycosides, cycloartane triterpenoids, musambins A-C, Candmusambiosides A-C
Spathodea campanulata Stem bark, leaves Ethyl acetate, ethanol 28.9% inhibition of P. falciparum Quinone (lapachol)
Cassia didymobotrya Fres. Leaves Methanol 23.4 (D6); undetectable (W2) Alkaloids
Warbugia ugandensis Sprague Stem bark Methanol, water 6.4 (D6); 6.9 (W2), 12.9 (D6); 15.6 (W2) Coloratane sesquiterpenes, e.g., muzigadiolide
Dichloromethane 69% parasite inhibition
Carica papaya L. Leaves Ethyl acetate 2.96 (D10), 3.98 (DD2) Alkaloids, saponins, tannins, glycosides; no serious toxicity reported; carpaine, an active compound against P. falciparum had high selectivity and was nontoxic to normal red blood cells
Maytenus senegalensis Roots Ethanol 1.9 (D6), 2.4 (W2) Terpenoids, pentacyclic triterpenes, e.g., pristimerin; no toxicity observed in ethanol extract
Ethulia scheffleri S.Moore Leaves Chloroform/ethyl acetate/methanol 49.8 (K39), 32.2 (V1/S) No reports
Combretum molle G. Don Stem bark Acetone 8.2 (3D7) Phenolics, punicalagin
Momordica foetida Schumach Shoot Water 6.16 (NF54); 0.35 (FCR3) Saponins, alkaloid, and cardiac glycosides; no pronounced toxicity against human hepatocellular (HepG2) and human urinary bladder carcinoma (ECV-304, derivative of T-24) cells
Clutia abyssinica Jaub. & Spach Leaves Methanol 7.8 (D6); 11.3 (W2) Diterpenes
Croton macrostachyus Olive. Leaves Chloroform, dichloromethane Chemotherapeutic effect of 66–82%, 2 (D6) Triterpenoids including lupeol
Flueggea virosa (Roxb. ex Willd) Voigt Leaves Water/methanol 2.0 (W2) Bergenin, nontoxic, extracts exposed to murine macrophages did not slow or inhibit growth of cells
Erythrina abyssinica Lam. Stem bark Ethyl acetate 83.6% inhibition of P. falciparum at 10 μg/ml Chalcones (5-prenylbutein and homobutein), flavanones including 5-deoxyabyssinin II, abyssinin III, and abyssinone IV
Kigelia africana (Lam.) Benth Bark, fruit Chloroform/ethyl acetate, methanol 59.9 (K39), 83.8 (V1/S); fruits had 165.9 (K39) No reports
Trichilia emetica Vahl Leaves, twigs Dichloromethane/methanol (1 : 1) 3.5 for all (D10) Kurubasch aldehyde
Senna didymobotrya (Fresen.) H. S. Irwin & Barneby Leaves, twigs Methanol, dichloromethane/methanol (1 : 1) >100 (K39), 9.5 (D10) Quinones
Tamarindus indica L. Stem bark Water 25.1% chemosuppressive activity at 10 mg/kg (P. berghei) Saponins (leaves), tannins (fruits)
Harungana madagascariensis Lam. Stem bark Water, ethanol 9.64 (K1); <0.5 with 28.6–44.8% parasite suppression Quinones including bazouanthrone, ferutinin A, harunganin, harunganol A, anthraquinones, saponins, steroids
Rotheca myricoides (Hochst.) Steane and Mabb Leaves Methanol 9.51–10.56 and 82% parasite suppression at 600 mg/kg No reports
Leucas calostachys Oliv. Leaves Methanol 3.45 with parasite inhibition of 3.5–5.2% No reports
Ajuga remota Benth. Whole plant Ethanol; decoction, ethanol, petroleum ether, methanol, and water 55 (FCA/GHA), 57 (W2); 937, 55, 149, 504, 414 (FCA/GHA), 371, 57, 253, 493, 101 (W2) Ajugarin-1, ergosterol-5,8-endoperoxide, 8-oacetylharpagide, steroids
Suregada zanzibariensis Baill Root bark Water, methanol ≤10 (K67), (ENT36) Alkaloids
Clerodendrum myricoides R. Br. Root bark Ethanol 4.7 (D6); 8.3 (W2) No reports
Chloroform >10 (D6) Cytotoxicity, IC50 > 20.0 μg/ml
Hoslundia opposita Vahl. Leaves Ethyl acetate 66.2% inhibition of P. falciparum at 10 μg/ml Quinones, saponins, abietane diterpenes (3-obenzoylhosloppone)
Roots; aerial parts Methanol 79.38 (D6), 64.21 (W2); 19.73 (D6), 29.41 (W2)
Leonotis nepetifolia Leaves Ethyl acetate, dichloromethane/methanol (1 : 1), water 27.0% inhibition of P. falciparum at 10 μg/ml, 15, >100 (D10) No reports
Ocimum basilicum L. Leaves, whole plant Ethanol 68.14 (3D7); 67.27 (INDO) No reports
Ocimum gratissimum Wild Leaves/twigs Dichloromethane 8.6 (W2) Flavonoids
Ocimum suave Wild Leaves Water (hot), chloroform/methanol mixture 100 mg/kg/day of extracts provided 81.45% and 78.39% parasite chemosuppression
Plectranthus barbatus Andrews Leaves Dichloromethane No activity No toxicity recorded
Root bark Water (hot), chloroform/methanol mixture 100 mg/kg/day of extracts had 55.23% and 78.69% parasite chemosuppression
Azadirachta indica A. Juss. Leaves Water, methanol 17.9 (D6); 43.7 (W2) Terpenoids, isoprenoids, gedunin, limonoids: khayanthone, meldenin, and nimbinin; cytotoxicity LD50 of 101.26 and 61.43 μg/ml for water and methanol extracts
Melia azedarach Leaves Methanol, dichloromethane 55.1 (3D7), 19.1 (W2); 28 No reports
Ficus thonningii Blume Leaves Hexane 10.4 No reports
Cissampelos mucronata A. Rich. Root bark, root Methanol, ethyl acetate 8.8 (D6); 9.2 (W2); root extract <3.91 (D6), 0.24 (W2) for the active compound (curine) Benzylisoquinoline alkaloids, curine
Acacia nilotica L. Stem bark Methanol 100 mg/kg produced 77.7% parasitic inhibition Tannins, flavonoids, terpenes
Water, methanol >250, 153.79 (ENT 30), 73.59, 70.33 (NF 54) LD50 of 368.11 and 267.31 μg/ml for water and methanol extracts
Albizia coriaria Welw. ex Oliv Stem bark Methanol 15.2 (D6); 16.8 (W2) Triterpenoids, lupeol, lupenone
Ageratum conyzoides L. Whole plant Dichloromethane, methanol 2.15 (D6); 3.444 (W2), 11.5 (D6); 12.1 (W2) Flavonoids
Albizia zygia (DC.) Macbr. Stem bark Methanol 1.0 (K1) Flavonoids mainly 3′,4′,7-trihydroxyflavone; aqueous extract is relatively safe on subacute exposure
Maesa lanceolata Forsk. Twig Dichloromethane: methanol (1 : 1) 5.9 (D10) Lanciaquinones, 2,5, dihydroxy-3-(nonadec-14-enyl)-1,4-benzoquinone
Securidaca longipedunculata Fresen. Leaves Dichloromethane 6.9 (D10) Saponins, flavonoids, alkaloids, steroids
Prunus africana (Hook. f.) Kalkman Stem bark Methanol 17.3 (D6); not detected (W2) Terpenoids
Pentas longiflora Oliv. Root Methanol 0.99 (D6); 0.93 (W2) Pyranonaphthoquinones, pentalongin and psychorubrin, and naphthalene derivative mollugin; low cytotoxicity
Teclea nobilis Delile Bark 70% ethanol 53.27% suppression of parasitemia at 700 mg/kg Tannins, alkaloids, saponins, flavonoids
Ethyl acetate 54.7% inhibition of P. falciparum at 10 μg/ml Quinoline alkaloids
Toddalia asiatica Root bark, fruits, and leaves Methanol, water, ethyl acetate, hexane 6.8 (D6); 13.9 (W2); ethyl acetate fruit extract (1.80 mg/ml), root bark aqueous (2.43) (W2) Furoquinolines (nitidine and 5,6-dihydronitidine), coumarins; acute and cytotoxicity of the extracts, with the exception of hexane extract from the roots showed LD50 > 1000 mg/kg and CC50 > 100 mg/ml, respectively
Zanthoxylum chalybeum Engl. Stem bark Water 4.3 (NF54); 25.1 (FCR3) Chelerythine, nitidine, and methyl canadine; no toxicity recorded
Trimeria grandifolia (Hochst.) Warb. Leaves Methanol >50 (3D7) No reports
Harrisonia abyssinica Olive. Roots Water, methanol 4.4 (D6), 10.25 (W2); 89.74, 79.50 (ENT 30); 86.56, 72.66 (NF 54) Limonoids and steroids; LD50 of 234.71 and 217.34 μg/ml for water and methanol extracts
Lantana camara L. Leaves, leaves/twigs Dichloromethane, dichloromethane/methanol (1 : 1), water 8.7 (3D7), 5.7 (W2), 11 (D10), >100 (D10), >100 (D10) Lantanine, sesquiterpenes, triterpenes, flavonoids
Flacourtia indica (Burm. f.) Merr. Roots Dichloromethane, dichloromethane/methanol (1 : 1), water 86.5 (D10), 78 (D10), >100 (D10) No reports
Clausena anisata Twigs, leaves Dichloromethane/methanol (1 : 1), water 18 (D10), >100 (D10); 55, >100 (D10) No reports
Flueggea virosa (Roxb.ex Willd.) Baill. Leaves/twigs Dichloromethane/methanol (1 : 1), water 19 (D10), 11.4 (D10) Alkaloids, bergenin (root bark), securinine, and viroallosecurinine
Alkaloids: Securinine and viroallosecurinine had IC50 of 2.7 and 2.9
Lantana trifolia L. Ariel parts Petroleum ether, chloroform, ethanol 13.2, >50, >50 (plasmodial lactate dehydrogenase) Steroids, terpenoids, alkaloids, saponins
Bridelia micrantha (Hochst.) Baill. Stem bark, leaves Methanol 158.7 (K1) No reports
Balanites aegyptiaca (L.) Del. Root bark Chloroform 3.49 (D6) Cytotoxicity IC50 > 20 μg/ml
Sericocomopsis hildebrandtii Root bark Chloroform 3.78 (D6) Cytotoxicity IC50 > 20 μg/ml
Boscia angustifolia Inner bark Chloroform >10.0 (D6); not active Cytotoxicity IC50 > 20 μg/ml
Acacia tortilis Root bark Chloroform >10.0 (D6); not active Cytotoxicity IC50 > 20 μg/ml
Commiphora schimperi Inner bark Chloroform 4.63 (D6) Cytotoxicity IC50 > 20 μg/ml
Acacia mellifera Inner bark Chloroform 4.48 (D6) Cytotoxicity IC50 > 20 μg/ml
Fuerstia africana Leaf, aerial parts, leaves Chloroform, petroleum ether, methanol 3.76 (D6), 1.5, <15 with >70% parasite suppression Ferruginol, cytotoxicity IC50 > 20 μg/ml
Psiadia punctulata Root bark Chloroform >10.0 (D6); not active Cytotoxicity IC50 > 20 μg/ml
Ajuga integrifolia Buch.-Ham Leaves Methanol 35.17% at 800 mg/kg/day parasite suppression Alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, terpenoids, anthraquinone, steroids, tannins, phenols, and fatty acids; no lethal effect on mice in 24 h and within 10 days of observation
Albizia gummifera Methanol 0.16 (NF54), 0.99 (ENT 30) for alkaloidal fraction, spermine alkaloids had parasite suppression of 43–72% Spermine alkaloids (budmunchiamine K, 6-hydroxybudmunchiamine K, 5-normethylbudmunchiamine K, 6-hydroxy-5-normethylbudmunchiamine K, 9-normethylbudmunchiamine K)
Rhamnus staddo Root bark Chloroform >10.0 (D6); not active Cytotoxicity IC50 > 20 μg/ml
Ocimum kilimandscharicum Leaves, twigs Dichloromethane 0.843 (D6); 1.547 (W2) No reports
Gutenbergia cordifolia Leaves Chloroform 0.4 (D6) Cytotoxicity IC50 = 0.2 μg/ml
Piper capense Root bark Chloroform >10.0 (D6); not active Cytotoxicity IC50 > 20 μg/ml
Pentas lanceolata Root bark Chloroform 5.15 (D6) Cytotoxicity IC50 > 20 μg/ml
Clematis brachiata Root bark Chloroform 4.15 (D6) Cytotoxicity IC50 > 20 μg/ml
Ekebergia capensis Inner bark, fruit, twigs Chloroform, dichloromethane/methanol (1 : 1) 3.97 (D6), 10, 18 (D10) Cytotoxicity IC50 > 20 μg/ml
Rhamnus prinoides Root bark Chloroform 3.53 (D6) Cytotoxicity IC50 > 20 μg/ml
Olea europaea ssp. Africana Inner bark, leaves, twigs Chloroform, dichloromethane/methanol (1 : 1) 9.48 (D6), 12, 13 (D10) Cytotoxicity IC50 > 20 μg/ml
Pappea capensis Inner bark Chloroform >10.0 (D6); not active Cytotoxicity IC50 > 20 μg/ml
Pittosporum viridiflorum Sims Whole plant, leaves/flowers Dichloromethane, methanol, dichloromethane/methanol (1 : 1) 3, 10, 27.7, (D10), 28, 47, 70.5 (D10) Triterpenoid estersaponin, pittoviridoside (saponins)
Podocarpus latifolius Root bark Chloroform 6.43 (D6) Cytotoxicity IC50 > 20 μg/ml
Rumex abyssinicus Jacq. Root Dichloromethane <15 No reports
Rubus pinnatus Wild Leaves Ethanol 20% parasite suppression No reports
Zanthoxylum gilletii Stem bark Dichloromethane/methanol (1 : 1) 2.52 (W2), 1.48 (D6), 1.43 (3D7) Nitidine, seas amine 8-acetyl dihydrochelerythrine
Solanum incanum L. Leaves Chloroform/methanol 31% parasite suppression No reports
Rhoicissus tridentata Roots Water >40.0 No reports
Acacia hockii Root bark Chloroform >10.0 (D6); not active Cytotoxicity IC50 > 20 μg/ml
Lippia javanica (Burm.f.) Spreng Roots Chloroform/ethyl acetate, methanol 16.7, 40.6 (K39), 19.2, 40.1 (V1/S) No reports
Roots, stem Dichloromethane, methanol, dichloromethane/methanol (1 : 1) 3.8, 27, 24 (D10), 4.5, 21.8, 29.8 (D10)
Premna chrysoclada (Bojer) Gürke Roots, leaves Methanol 27.63 (D6), 52.35 (W2); 7.75 (D6), 9.02 (W2) Not cytotoxic at 100 μg/ml
Allophylus pervillei Blume Roots, stem bark Methanol 45.62 (D6), 48.91 (W2); >100 (D6),>100 (W2) Not cytotoxic at 100 μg/ml
Aganthesanthemum bojeri Klotzsch. Whole plant Methanol 55.3 (D6), 55.97 (W2) Not cytotoxic at 100 μg/ml
Abrus precatorius L. Leaves Methanol 85.59 (D6), >100 (W2) Not cytotoxic at 100 μg/ml
Combretum illairii Engl. Stem bark, leaves Methanol 55.96 (D6), 58.54 (W2); 24.21 (D6), 33.31 (W2) Not cytotoxic at 100 μg/ml
Grewia plagiophylla K. Schum Leaves, stem bark Methanol 13.28 (D6), 34.2 (W2); >100 (D6), >100 (W2) Not cytotoxic at 100 μg/ml
Combretum padoides Engl. & Diels Roots Methanol 21.73 (D6), 59.43 (W2) Not cytotoxic at 100 μg/ml
Uvaria acuminata Leaves, roots Methanol 51.13 (D6), >100 (W2); 8.89 (D6), 6.90 (W2) Cytotoxic with CC50 of 2.37 μg/ml.
Ormocarpum trachycarpum Roots Chloroform/ethyl acetate, methanol, water 19.6, 41.7, 79.4 (K39); 17.5, 32.8 (V1/S) No reports
Plectranthus sylvestris Gurke Leaves Chloroform/ethyl acetate, methanol 41.1, 56.2 (K39); 61.0 (V1/S) No reports
Turraea robusta Root bark Water, methanol 25.32, 2.09 (D6), 42.41, 10.32 (W2) IC50 of 24.38 and 45.72 μg/ml for methanol and aqueous extracts against Vero cells (cytotoxic)
Lannea schweinfurthii Stem bark Water, methanol 10.55 and 75.90, 11.38 and 36.26 (D6 and W2) IC50 of 225.25 and 3256.52 μg/ml for methanol and aqueous extracts against Vero cells
Sclerocarya birrea Stem bark Water, methanol 18.96 and 71.74, 5.91 and 24.96 (D6 and W2) IC50 of 361.24 and 3375.22 μg/ml for methanol and aqueous extracts against Vero cells
Withania somnifera Stem bark Water, methanol >250, >250 (ENT 30); 145.86, 125.59 (NF 54) LD50 of 301.44 and 207.27 μg/ml for water and methanol extracts
Zanthoxylum usambarense Stem bark Water, methanol 14.33, 5.25 (ENT 30); 5.54, 3.20 (NF 54) LD50 of 260.90 and 97.66 μg/ml for water and methanol extracts
Fagaropsis angolensis Stem bark Water, methanol 10.65, 6.13 (ENT 30); 5.04, 4.68 (NF 54) LD50 of 173.48 and 57.09 μg/ml for water and methanol extracts
Myrica salicifolia Stem bark Water, methanol 85.97, 66.84 (ENT 30); 55.89, 51.07 (NF 54) LD50 of 328.22 and 320.17 μg/ml for water and methanol extracts
Strychnos henningsii Gilg Stem bark Water, methanol 73.39, 67.16 (ENT 30); 190.0, 159.71 (NF 54) LD50 of 293.93 and 101.22 μg/ml for water and methanol extracts
Neoboutonia macrocalyx Stem bark Water, methanol 92.85, 84.56 (ENT 30); 78.44, 78.40 (NF 54) LD50 of 41.69 and 21.04 μg/ml for water and methanol extracts
Urtica massaica Mildbr. Aerial parts Hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, water, methanol >100 (K39) No reports
Uvaria scheffleri Diels Leaves, stem, root bark Petroleum ether, dichloromethane, methanol 5–500 (K1) Indole alkaloid-(±L)-schefflone, uvaretin, diuvaretin
Rauwolfia cothen Root bark Petroleum ether, dichloromethane, methanol 0–499 (K1) Yohimbine, an indole alkaloid
Tridax procumbens L. Whole plant Dichloromethane/methanol (1 : 1), water 17 (D10), >100 (D10) Bergenin
Centella asiatica Leaves Dichloromethane/methanol (1 : 1) 8.3 (D10) Alkaloids, sesquiterpenes
Ficus sur Stem bark Hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, water, methanol 19.2, 9.0, >100, >100, >100 (K39) No reports
Euphorbia inaequilatera Sond. Whole plant Hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, water, methanol 19.2, 9.0, >100, >100, >100 (K39) No reports
Spermacoce princeae (K. Schum.) Verdc. Whole plant Hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, water, methanol >100 (K39) No reports
Senna occidentalis Leaves Dimethyl sulfoxide, ethanol 48.80 (3D7), 54.28 (NIDO); <3; Quinones
Ethanol, dichloromethane >60% parasitemia suppression
Searsia natalensis (Bernh. ex C. Krauss) Leaves Chloroform 1.8 (plasmodial lactate dehydrogenase) No reports
Plasmodium falciparum isolates: D6, 3D7, D10, FCA/GHA (FCA: 20 GHA), FCR3, K39, and NF54 are chloroquine sensitive; DD2, ENT 30, FCR3, K1, NIDO, V1/S, and W2 are chloroquine resistant. For [48], control used for cytotoxicity study (vinblastine) had the effective dose to inhibit 50% growth (ED50) = 0.038 μg/ml. An ED50 greater than 20 μg/ml indicates that the plant extract lacks cytotoxicity. The control drug chloroquine had a toxicity of 17.4 μg/ml and IC50 of 0.004 μg/ml against D6 clone.
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