Plants used to treat malaria in Latin America, and references (below).
Milliken W, Walker BE, Howes MR, Forest F, Lughadha EN. Plants used traditionally as antimalarials in Latin America: mining the Tree of Life for potential new medicines. J Ethnopharmacol. 2021 May 21:114221. PMID: 34029639.
Species Family Country where used [reference]
Abarema laeta (Benth.) Barneby & J.W. Grimes Fabaceae Central America, [90]; Colombia, [158]; Peru, [15, 66, 166]
Abuta grandifolia (Mart.) Sandwith Menispermaceae Brazil, [24, 75, 102, 184, 185]; Colombia, [5, 134, 158]; Ecuador, [134, 163]; Peru, [66, 149, 152]
Abuta grisebachii Triana & Planch. Menispermaceae Brazil, [118]
Abuta imene (Mart.) Eichler Menispermaceae Brazil, [132, 184, 185]
Abuta rufescens Aubl. Menispermaceae Brazil, [51, 118, 131]; Colombia, [158]; Peru, [66, 166, 168]
Abuta sandwithiana Krukoff & Barneby Menispermaceae Brazil, [51, 134]
Abuta sp. Menispermaceae Brazil, [78]; Peru, [9, 71]
Abutilon ibarrense Kunth Malvaceae Ecuador, [134]
Acanthospermum australe (Loefl.) Kuntze Asteraceae Brazil, [28, 35, 127]
Acanthospermum hispidum DC. Asteraceae Argentina, [174]; Brazil, [78]
Achillea millefolium L.* Asteraceae Brazil, [59]
Achyrocline satureioides (Lam.) DC. Asteraceae Brazil, [54, 161]
Acmella oleracea (L.) R.K. Jansen Asteraceae Brazil, [102, 144, 154]
Acorus calamus L.* Acoraceae Colombia, [119]
Acosmium sp. Fabaceae Brazil, [132]
Adenocalymma sp. Bignoniaceae Peru, [149]
Adenostemma platyphyllum Cass. Asteraceae Colombia, [26]
Adolphoduckea maynensis (Poepp. & Endl.) Paudyal & Delprete Rubiaceae Unknown, [90]
Ageratum echioides (Less.) Hemsl. Asteraceae Guatemala, [6]
Ageratum houstonianum Mill. Asteraceae Colombia, [26]
Agonandra brasiliensis Miers ex Benth. & Hook. f. Opiliaceae Unknown, [90]
Alchornea castaneifolia (Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd.) A. Juss. Euphorbiaceae Peru, [149]
Alchornea triplinervia (Spreng.) Müll. Arg. Euphorbiaceae Peru, [168]
Alexa imperatricis (R.H. Schomb.) Baill. Fabaceae Guianas, [188]
Alibertia edulis (Rich.) A.Rich. ex DC. Rubiaceae Venezuela, [134]
Alibertia latifolia (Benth.) K.Schum Rubiaceae Peru, [134]
Alkekengi officinarum Moench * Solanaceae Brazil, [34]
Allamanda cathartica L. Apocynaceae Guianas, [61, 138]
Allium cepa L.* Amaryllidaceae Bolivia, [199]
Allium sativum L.* Amaryllidaceae Brazil, [75, 59]; Colombia, [10]; Mexico, [138]; Peru, [168]
Alnus glutinosa (L.) Gaertn.* Betulaceae Colombia, [165]
Aloe vera (L.) Burm.f.* Xanthorrhoeaceae Brazil, [194]; Guianas, [61]; Honduras, [115]
Alonsoa meridionalis (L.f.) Kuntze Scrophulariaceae Colombia, [85]
Aloysia citriodora Palau Verbenaceae Brazil, [24]
Aloysia trifida (Gay) Lu-Irving & N.O'Leary Verbenaceae Brazil, [98]
Alpinia nutans (L.) Roscoe* Zingiberaceae Peru, [168]
Alpinia zerumbet (Pers.) B.L. Burtt & R.M. Sm.* Zingiberaceae Brazil, [102, 184, 185]
Alstonia longifolia (A.DC.) Pichon Apocynaceae Guatemala, [134]
Alternanthera brasiliana (L.) Kuntze Amaranthaceae Peru, [168]
Alternanthera cf. laguroides (Standl.) Standl. Amaranthaceae Colombia, [26]
Alternanthera lanceolata (Benth.) Schinz Amaranthaceae Colombia, [26, 134]
Alternanthera sessilis (L.) R.Br. ex DC. Amaranthaceae Brazil, [185]
Alternanthera sp. Amaranthaceae Peru, [149]
Amanoa sp. Phyllanthaceae Peru, [123, 134]
Amboroa geminata Cabrera Asteraceae Bolivia, [183]
Ambrosia artemisiifolia L. Asteraceae Colombia, [192]
Ambrosia cumanensis Kunth Asteraceae Colombia, [26, 134]; Peru, [149]
Ambrosia tenuifolia Spreng. Asteraceae Bolivia, [157]
Amburana cearensis (Allemao) A.C.Sm. Fabaceae Bolivia, [199]
Ampelozizyphus amazonicus Ducke Rhamnaceae Brazil, [35, 51, 102, 78, 105, 118, 128, 131, 137, 144, 147, 154, 97, 184, 185, 186, 194]
Anacardium occidentale L. Anacardiaceae Brazil, [186, 193]; Colombia, [192]; Peru, [168]
Anacardium sp. ø Anacardiaceae Brazil, [132]
Anadenanthera colubrina (Vell.) Brenan Fabaceae Brazil, [55]
Anadenanthera peregrina (L.) Speg. Fabaceae Brazil, [78]
Ananas sp. Bromeliaceae Brazil, [118]
Andira surinamensis (Bondt) Splitg. ex Pulle Fabaceae Brazil, [131]
Angelica archangelica L.* Apiaceae Brazil, [170]
Angelica sylvestris L.* Apiaceae Colombia, [119]
Angostura trifoliata (Willd.) T.S. Elias Rutaceae Brazil, [34]; Colombia, [150]; Venezuela, [62, 134]; Unknown, [90]
Aniba canellila (Kunth) Mez Lauraceae Brazil, [28]
Aniba muca (Ruiz & Pav.) Mez Lauraceae Peru, [134]; Unknown, [90]
Annona foetida Mart. Annonaceae Brazil, [137]
Annona mucosa Jacq. Annonaceae Brazil, [118]
Annona muricata L. Annonaceae Brazil, [102]; Colombia, [85]
Annona sp. Annonaceae Colombia, [134]
Aphelandra scabra (Vahl) Sm. Acanthaceae Belize, [134]
Apium graveolens L.* Apiaceae Colombia, [81]
Aquarius macrophyllus (Kunth) Christenh. & Byng Alismataceae Brazil, [59]
Argemone mexicana L. Papaveraceae Belize, [134]; Colombia, [150]; Venezuela, [81]
Aristolochia constricta Griseb. Aristolochiaceae Colombia, [26, 134]
Aristolochia cordigera (Klotzsch) Duch. Aristolochiaceae Brazil, [137]
Aristolochia cymbifera Mart. Aristolochiaceae Brazil, [24, 28]
Aristolochia esperanzae Kuntze Aristolochiaceae Brazil, [7, 137, 161, 162]
Aristolochia grandiflora Sw. Aristolochiaceae Belize, [18]
Aristolochia labiata Willd. Aristolochiaceae Brazil, [79]
Aristolochia sp. Aristolochiaceae Brazil, [34, 59]; Colombia, [85]; Ecuador, [163]; Peru, [134]
Aristolochia stahelii O.C. Schmidt Aristolochiaceae Guianas, [61, 91, 196]
Aristolochia surinamensis Willd. Aristolochiaceae Guianas, [61]
Aristolochia tonduzii O.C. Schmidt Aristolochiaceae Colombia, [26]
Aristolochia triangularis Cham. Aristolochiaceae Brazil, [137, 162]
Aristolochia trilobata L. Aristolochiaceae Brazil, [102]; Colombia, [26]; Guianas, [61, 91, 196]
Artemisia absinthium L.* Asteraceae Colombia, [85, 165]; Peru, [37]
Artemisia sp. Asteraceae Guianas, [196]
Artemisia vulgaris L.* Asteraceae Brazil, [51, 102, 131, 144, 184, 185]; Colombia, [10, 26]
Arthrostema ciliatum Ruiz & Pav. Melastomataceae Colombia, [81]
Asclepias curassavica L. Apocynaceae Central America, [112]
Aspidosperma album (Vahl) Benoist ex Pichon Apocynaceae Brazil, [105]; Guianas, [61]
Aspidosperma carapanauba Pichon Apocynaceae Brazil, [102]
Aspidosperma cf. desmanthum Benth. ex Müll. Arg. Apocynaceae Guianas, [61]
Aspidosperma discolor A. DC. Apocynaceae Brazil, [137, 142, 98]; Unknown, [90]
Aspidosperma excelsum Benth. Apocynaceae Brazil, [5, 35, 51, 66, 75, 102, 128, 131, 137, 144, 147, 54, 185, 186, 193]; Colombia, [158]; Guianas, [188, 61]; Peru, [120, 134, 149, 168]; Venezuela, [134]; Unknown, [90]
Aspidosperma illustre (Vell.) Kuhlm. & Piraja Apocynaceae Brazil, [50]
Aspidosperma megalocarpon Müll.Arg. Apocynaceae Bolivia, [199]; Guatemala, [141]
Aspidosperma megaphyllum Woodson Apocynaceae Brazil, [75]
Aspidosperma oblongum A. DC. Apocynaceae Guianas, [61]
Aspidosperma parvifolium A. DC. Apocynaceae Peru, [149]
Aspidosperma pichonianum Woodson Apocynaceae Venezuela, [111]
Aspidosperma polyneuron Müll.Arg Apocynaceae Brazil, [28]
Aspidosperma quebracho-blanco Schltdl. Apocynaceae Argentina, [174]; Bolivia, [134]; Paraguay, [88]; Unknown, [90]
Aspidosperma rigidum Rusby Apocynaceae Brazil, [144]; Peru, [120]
Aspidosperma schultesii Woodson Apocynaceae Brazil, [118, 185]
Aspidosperma sp. Apocynaceae Brazil, [78, 154, 179, 184, 185, 186, 194]
Aspidosperma spruceanum Benth. ex Müll.Arg. Apocynaceae Brazil, [161]
Aspidosperma subincanum Mart. ex A.DC. Apocynaceae Brazil, [161]
Aspidosperma ulei Markgr. Apocynaceae Guianas, [61]
Astrocaryum aculeatum G. Mey. Arecaceae Brazil, [78, 118, 185]
Astrocaryum chambira Burret Arecaceae Peru, [20]
Astrocaryum chonta Mart. Arecaceae Peru, [2, 11, 120]
Astrocaryum murumuru Mart. Arecaceae Peru, [20]
Attalea maripa (Aubl.) Mart. Arecaceae Brazil, [118]
Austroeupatorium inulifolium (Kunth) R.M.King & H.Rob. Asteraceae Colombia, [26, 134]
Ayapana lanceolata R.M. King & H. Rob. Asteraceae Peru, [168]
Ayapana triplinervis (Vahl) R.M. King & H. Rob. Asteraceae Guianas, [61, 91, 196]
Azadirachta indica A. Juss.* Meliaceae Brazil, [51]; Guianas, [61, 121]; Venezuela, [40]
Baccharis crispa Spreng. Asteraceae Brazil, [24, 50]
Baccharis genistelloides (Lam.) Pers. Asteraceae Peru, [169]
Baccharis salicifolia (Ruiz & Pav.) Pers. Asteraceae Peru, [169]
Bacopa monnieri (L.) Wettst. Plantaginaceae Guianas, [61, 91]
Bactris acanthocarpa Mart. Arecaceae Peru, [20]
Bactris gasipaes Kunth Arecaceae Colombia, [146]; Ecuador, [84]; Peru, [20]
Bactris maraja Mart. Arecaceae Colombia, [146]
Bambusa vulgaris Schrad. ex J.C. Wendl.* Poaceae Caribbean, [16]; Guianas, [61]
Banara guianensis Aubl. Salicaceae Guianas, [61, 196]
Banisteriopsis caapi (Spruce ex Griseb.) C.V. Morton Malpighiaceae Brazil, [51, 118, 186]; Ecuador, [84, 130]; Peru, [149, 168]
Banisteriopsis sp. Malpighiaceae Brazil, [147]
Bathysa australis (A. St.-Hil.) Hook. f. ex K. Schum. Rubiaceae Brazil, [50]
Bauhinia sp. Fabaceae Peru, [143]
Bauhinia ungulata L. Fabaceae Brazil, [131]
Begonia cucullata var. arenosicola (C. DC.) L.B. Sm. & B.G. Schub. Begoniaceae Paraguay, [88]
Begonia parviflora Poepp. & Endl. Begoniaceae Peru, [31, 42]
Beilschmiedia brasiliensis (Kosterm.) Kosterm. Lauraceae Colombia, [145, 158]
Berberis glauca Kunth Berberidaceae Colombia, [81]
Berberis goudotii Triana & Planch. Berberidaceae Colombia, [81]
Berberis laurina Thunb. Berberidaceae Brazil, [137]
Berberis rigidifolia Kunth Berberidaceae Colombia, [81]
Berberis ruscifolia Lam. Berberidaceae Argentina, [87]; Colombia, [119]
Berberis spinulosa A. St.-Hil. Berberidaceae Brazil, [137]
Berberis vulgaris L.* Berberidaceae Colombia, [10]
Bertholletia excelsa Humb. & Bonpl. Lecythidaceae Brazil, [24, 35, 47, 78, 144, 147, 154, 172, 179, 184, 185]
Beta vulgaris L.* Amaranthaceae Brazil, [194]
Bidens bipinnata L. Asteraceae Brazil, [105, 144, 179]
Bidens cynapiifolia Kunth Asteraceae Brazil, [102, 78, 131, 147, 184, 185, 193]; Guianas, [61, 92]
Bidens pilosa L. Asteraceae Brazil, [24, 28, 75, 58, 128, 59, 54, 161]; Colombia, [26]; Peru, [31, 42]
Bignonia binata Thunb. Bignoniaceae Colombia, [158]
Bixa orellana L. Bixaceae Bolivia, [199]; Brazil, [35, 118, 128, 131, 170]; Colombia, [26]; Guianas, [23, 61]; Peru, [149, 168]; Venezuela, [40]
Blainvillea acmella (L.) Philipson Asteraceae Colombia, [26]
Bocoa prouacensis Aubl. Fabaceae Guianas, [61]
Boerhavia coccinea Mill. Nyctaginaceae Brazil, [6]
Boerhavia diffusa L. Nyctaginaceae Brazil, [128]
Boerhavia repens L. Nyctaginaceae Brazil, [35]
Bonamia ferruginea (Choisy) Hallier f. Convolvulaceae Brazil, [102, 78, 105, 154, 179, 184, 185, 194]
Bonnetia paniculata Spruce ex Benth. Bonnetiaceae Peru, [169]
Bouchea prismatica (L.) Kuntze Verbenaceae Colombia, [81]
Bowdichia virgilioides Kunth Fabaceae Bolivia, [29]
Briquetia spicata (Kunth) Fryxell Malvaceae Brazil, [80]
Brosimum guianense (Aubl.) Huber ex Ducke Moraceae Venezuela, [134]
Brosimum lactescens (S. Moore) C.C. Berg Moraceae Peru, [120]
Brosimum rubescens Taub. Moraceae Peru, [168]
Brosimum sp. Moraceae Brazil, [144]
Brunfelsia grandiflora D. Don Solanaceae Peru, [120, 134, 168]
Brunfelsia sp. Solanaceae Peru, [123, 134]
Bursera simaruba (L.) Sarg. Burseraceae Honduras, [115]
Byrsonima crassa Nied. Malpighiaceae Brazil, [170]
Byrsonima crassifolia (L.) Kunth Malpighiaceae Brazil, [128, 132]
Byrsonima japurensis A.Juss. Malpighiaceae Colombia, [158]
Byrsonima pachypoda W.R. Anderson Malpighiaceae Guianas, [61]
Byrsonima sp. Malpighiaceae Brazil, [102, 132]
Byrsonima verbascifolia (L.) DC. Malpighiaceae Brazil, [132]; Guianas, [61]
Cabralea cangerana Saldanha Meliaceae Brazil, [79]
Calea berteroana DC. Asteraceae Colombia, [85]
Calliandra purdiei Benth. Fabaceae Colombia, [49]
Calliandra sp. Fabaceae Ecuador, [134]
Callichlamys latifolia (Rich.) K. Schum. Bignoniaceae Colombia, [158]
Calolisianthus pendulus (Mart.) Gilg Gentianaceae Brazil, [137]
Calolisianthus speciosus (Cham. & Schltdl.) Gilg Gentianaceae Brazil, [35]
Calycophyllum megistocaulum (K. Krause) C.M. Taylor Rubiaceae Peru, [72]
Calycophyllum multiflorum Griseb. Rubiaceae Paraguay, [88]
Calycophyllum spruceanum (Benth.) Hook. f. ex K. Schum. Rubiaceae Peru, [14, 149]
Campomanesia aromatica (Aubl.) Griseb. Myrtaceae Guianas, [196]
Campomanesia grandiflora (Aubl.) Sagot Myrtaceae Guianas, [196]
Campsiandra angustifolia Spruce ex Benth. Fabaceae Peru, [66, 120, 168, 177]
Campsiandra comosa Benth. Fabaceae Brazil, [102]; Peru, [66]; Unknown, [90]
Campsiandra implexicaulis Stergios Fabaceae Brazil, [137]
Campsiandra laurifolia Benth. Fabaceae Peru, [169]
Cantua quercifolia Juss. Polemoniaceae Ecuador, [6]
Capirona decorticans Spruce Rubiaceae Brazil, [198]; Peru, [191]
Capsella bursa-pastoris (L.) Medik.* Brassicaceae Colombia, [119]; Unknown, [187]
Capsicum annuum L. Solanaceae Brazil, [131]; Peru, [160]
Capsicum frutescens L. Solanaceae Brazil, [184, 185]; Panama, [69]
Carapa guianensis Aubl. Meliaceae Brazil, [34, 102, 137, 144, 179]; Guianas, [61]; Nicaragua, [77]; Peru, [120]
Carapichea ipecacuanha (Brot.) L. Andersson Rubiaceae Brazil, [3]; Nicaragua, [77]; Peru, [72]
Carica papaya L. Caricaceae Belize, [12]; Brazil, [75, 118, 131, 144, 59, 179, 184, 185, 194]; Guianas, [23, 61, 138, 196]; Peru, [168, 42]; Venezuela, [40]
Carludovica palmata Ruiz & Pav. Cyclanthaceae Peru, [9]
Cascabela thevetia (L.) Lippold Apocynaceae Mexico, [138]
Casearia aff. spruceana Benth. ex Eichler Salicaceae Brazil, [33]
Casearia sp. Salicaceae Brazil, [65]
Cassia fistula L. Fabaceae Brazil, [28]; Colombia, [192]
Catharanthus roseus (L.) G. Don* Apocynaceae Brazil, [1, 28, 34]
Cayaponia peruviana (Poepp. & Endl.) Cogn. Cucurbitaceae Ecuador, [134]
Cecropia angulata I.W. Bailey Urticaceae Guianas, [61]
Cecropia ficifolia Warb. ex Snethl. Urticaceae Brazil, [142, 185]; Unknown, [90]
Cecropia hololeuca Miq. Urticaceae Brazil, [28]
Cecropia peltata L. Urticaceae Brazil, [63]
Cecropia sp. Urticaceae Brazil, [102, 132, 194]; Colombia, [85]
Cedrela fissilis Vell. Meliaceae Brazil, {28]; Bolivia, [139, 199]
Cedrela odorata L. Meliaceae Brazil, [8, 24, 51, 75, 131, 144]; Colombia, [26]; Ecuador, [134]; Guatemala, [13]; Peru, [72, 93, 120, 149, 191]; Venezuela, [40]
Ceiba pentandra (L.) Gaertn. Malvaceae Peru, [168]
Celosia argentea L.* Amaranthaceae Colombia, [26]
Cenchrus echinatus L. Poaceae Brazil, [131]
Centaurium erythraea Rafn* Gentianaceae Brazil, [41]
Centratherum punctatum Cass. Asteraceae Venezuela, [62]
Cereus hexagonus (L.) Mill. Cactaceae Guianas, [92]
Ceroxylon quindiuense (H. Karst.) H. Wendl. Arecaceae Peru, [146]
Cespedesia spathulata (Ruiz & Pav.) Planch. Ochnaceae Peru, [134]
Cestrum auriculatum L'Hér. Solanaceae Peru, [129]
Cestrum euanthes Schltdl. Solanaceae Brazil, [50, 137]
Cestrum parqui (Lam.) L'Hér. Solanaceae Brazil, [137]
Cestrum racemosum Ruiz & Pav. Solanaceae Peru, [31, 42]
Cestrum schlechtendahlii G.Don Solanaceae Peru, [168]
Cestrum sp. Solanaceae Peru, [143]
Chamaemelum nobile (L.) All.* Asteraceae Colombia, [10]
Chamissoa altissima (Jacq.) Kunth Amaranthaceae Brazil, [137]
Chaptalia nutans (L.) Polák Asteraceae Peru, [129, 197]
Cheiloclinium cognatum (Miers) A.C. Sm. Celastraceae Brazil, [50]
Chelonanthus sp. Gentianaceae Peru, [149]
Chimarrhis hookeri K. Schum. Rubiaceae Peru, [2]
Chimarrhis turbinata DC. Rubiaceae Guianas, [23]
Chiococca alba (L.) Hitchc. Rubiaceae Brazil, [50]
Chlorocardium rodiei (Schomb.) Rohwer, H.G.Richt. & van der Werff Lauraceae Guianas, [61, 73]; Nicaragua, [77]; Peru, [149]
Chloroleucon mangense var. mathewsii (Benth.) Barneby & J.W. Grimes Fabaceae Unknown, [90]
Chlorospatha longipoda (K. Krause) Madison Araceae Ecuador, [19]
Chondrodendron platyphyllum (A. St.-Hil.) Miers Menispermaceae Brazil, [28, 34, 137]
Chresta martii (DC.) H. Rob. Asteraceae Brazil, [3, 70]
Chromolaena odorata (L.) R.M. King & H. Rob. Asteraceae Caribbean, [138]; Colombia, [26]; Cuba, [138]; Mexico, [138]; Puerto Rico, [32]
Chrysochlamys sp. Clusiaceae Venezuela, [6]
Chrysophyllum prieurii A.DC. Sapotaceae Peru, [191]
Chuquiraga jussieui J.F. Gmel. Asteraceae Ecuador, [5, 38, 182]
Chuquiraga spinosa subsp. huamanpinta C. Ezcurra Asteraceae Ecuador, [38]
Cichorium intybus L.* Asteraceae Colombia, [165]
Ciliosemina pedunculata (H.Karst.) Antonelli Rubiaceae Colombia, [81]; Peru, [120]
Ciliosemina purdieana (Wedd.) Antonelli Rubiaceae Colombia, [81]
Cinchona barbacoensis H. Karst. Rubiaceae Colombia, [81]
Cinchona calisaya Wedd. Rubiaceae Bolivia, [134]; Brazil, [28]
Cinchona hirsuta Ruiz & Pav. Rubiaceae Bolivia, [134]
Cinchona lancifolia Mutis Rubiaceae Colombia, [164]
Cinchona lucumifolia Pav. ex Lindl. Rubiaceae Ecuador, [134, 163]
Cinchona macrocalyx Pav. ex DC. Rubiaceae Ecuador, [134]; Unknown, [90]
Cinchona mutisii Lamb. Rubiaceae Ecuador, [134, 163]; Unknown, [90]
Cinchona officinalis L. Rubiaceae Colombia, [81]; Ecuador, [38, 182]; Peru, [169]
Cinchona pitayensis (Wedd.) Wedd. Rubiaceae Colombia, [81]
Cinchona pubescens Vahl Rubiaceae Colombia, [81]; Costa Rica, [138]; Nicaragua, [44, 45, 43, 77]; Unknown, [90]
Cinchona sp. Rubiaceae Ecuador, [130, 134]; Guianas, [61]; Nicaragua, [22]; Paraguay, [88]
Cinnamomum verum J. Presl* Lauraceae Brazil, [144]
Cissampelos glaberrima A. St.-Hil. Menispermaceae Brazil, [127]
Cissampelos ovalifolia DC. Menispermaceae Brazil, [189, 108, 131, 59]; Peru, [72]
Cissampelos sp. Menispermaceae Brazil, [24, 65]; Colombia, [158]
Cissus erosa Rich. Vitaceae Venezuela, [195]
Citronella sp. Cardiopteridaceae Peru, [143]
Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum. & Nakai* Cucurbitaceae Brazil, [144]; Mexico, [138]
Citrus aurantiifolia (Christm.) Swingle* Rutaceae Bolivia, [199]; Brazil, [118, 131]; Colombia, [26, 134]; Nicaragua, [44, 77]; Peru, [143]
Citrus aurantium L.* Rutaceae Belize, [18]; Bolivia, [199]; Brazil, [100, 102, 144]; Colombia, [192]; Guianas, [196]; Nicaragua, [77]; Peru, [120, 149, 168]
Citrus limon (L.) Osbeck* Rutaceae Brazil, [185]; Colombia, [119, 145, 158]; Guianas, [196]; Peru, [116, 120, 149, 168]
Citrus medica L.* Rutaceae Guianas, [61]; Peru, [116, 168]
Citrus sp.* Rutaceae Brazil, [118, 179, 185]; Guianas, [23]; Nicaragua, [4]
Clarisia racemosa Ruiz & Pav. Moraceae Peru, [149]
Clathrotropis macrocarpa Ducke Fabaceae Brazil, [132]; Colombia, [158]
Clematis campestris A. St.-Hil. Ranunculaceae Bolivia, [30]
Cleome parviflora Kunth Cleomaceae Brazil, [75]
Clibadium sylvestre (Aubl.) Baill. Asteraceae Peru, [129]
Clinopodium taxifolium (Kunth) Govaerts Lamiaceae Ecuador, [182]
Coccoloba mollis Casar. Polygonaceae Brazil, [21]
Cocos nucifera L. Arecaceae Brazil, [118]; Peru, [20, 143, 168]
Coffea arabica L.* Rubiaceae Brazil, [28, 131]; Colombia, [192]; Peru, [149, 168]; Unknown, [81]
Coffea canephora Pierre ex A. Froehner* Rubiaceae Brazil, [102]
Coffea sp.* Rubiaceae Brazil, [179, 184, 185]
Coleus amboinicus Lour.* Lamiaceae Brazil, [184, 185]
Coleus barbatus (Andrews) Benth. ex G.Don * Lamiaceae Brazil, [131, 144, 54, 161, 184]; Guianas, [196]
Coleus comosus Hochst. ex Gürke * Lamiaceae Brazil, [102, 184, 185]
Coleus neochilus (Schltr.) Codd * Lamiaceae Brazil, [179]
Coleus sp. Lamiaceae Brazil, [59]
Commelina erecta L. Commelinaceae Caribbean, [138]; Guianas, [23]; Venezuela, [138]
Condaminea sp. Rubiaceae Peru, [169]
Condea verticillata (Jacq.) Harley & J.F.B. Pastore Lamiaceae Belize, [18]; Colombia, [26, 134]; Guatemala, [155]; Nicaragua, [4]
Connarus perrottetii (DC.) Planch. Connaraceae Guianas, [61]
Copaifera langsdorffii Desf. Fabaceae Brazil, [24]
Copaifera multijuga Hayne Fabaceae Brazil, [51]
Copaifera paupera (Herzog) Dwyer Fabaceae Peru, [149]
Copaifera sp. ø Fabaceae Brazil, [75, 132, 154, 184, 185]
Corchorus hirtus L. Malvaceae Brazil, [162]
Cordia alliodora (Ruiz & Pav.) Oken Boraginaceae Colombia, [26]
Cordia lutea Lam. Boraginaceae Peru, [134]
Cordyline fruticosa (L.) A.Chev.* Asparagaceae Colombia, [26, 85]
Coriandrum sativum L.* Apiaceae Peru, [168]
Cornutia sp. Lamiaceae Peru, [143]
Corymbia citriodora (Hook.) K.D. Hill & L.A.S. Johnson* Myrtaceae Brazil, [131, 132]; Colombia, [81]
Cosmibuena grandiflora (Ruiz & Pav.) Rusby Rubiaceae Peru, [134]
Cosmos caudatus Kunth Asteraceae Colombia, [158]
Cosmos sulphureus Cav. Asteraceae Brazil, [28]
Costus aff. guanaiensis Rusby Costaceae Colombia, [26]
Costus arabicus L. Costaceae Brazil, [102]; Peru, [120, 168]
Costus scaber Ruiz & Pav. Costaceae Guianas, [61]; Peru, [149]
Costus sp. ø Costaceae Brazil, [132]; Colombia, [26]
Costus spicatus (Jacq.) Sw. Costaceae Brazil, [78, 59]
Couroupita guianensis Aubl. Lecythidaceae Peru, [120, 168]
Coutarea hexandra (Jacq.) K. Schum. Rubiaceae Belize, [18]; Bolivia, [139, 199]; Brazil, [3, 24, 35, 50, 137, 142]; Colombia, [81]; El Salvador, [138]; Guatemala, [5, 134]; Guianas, [61, 91]; Mexico, [134]; Peru, [169]; Unknown, [90]
Coutarea sp. Rubiaceae Brazil, [28]
Coutoubea ramosa Aubl. Gentianaceae Guianas, [23, 92]
Coutoubea spicata Aubl. Gentianaceae Guianas, [23, 92, 196]
Crateva tapia L. Cleomaceae Colombia, [165]
Cremastosperma cauliflorum R.E. Fr. Annonaceae Ecuador, [84]
Crescentia cujete L. Bignoniaceae Colombia, [158]; Guianas, [92]; Peru, [168]
Crinum zeylanicum (L.) L.* Amaryllidaceae Caribbean, [16]
Crocus sativus L.* Iridaceae Colombia, [85]
Croton cajucara Benth. Euphorbiaceae Brazil, [189, 63, 102, 78, 105, 128, 131, 144, 54, 172, 184, 194, 54]
Croton echioides Baill. Euphorbiaceae Brazil, [104]
Croton guatemalensis Lotsy Euphorbiaceae Guatemala, [138]; Honduras, [115]; Mexico, [138]
Croton humilis L. Euphorbiaceae Mexico, [138]
Croton lechleri Müll. Arg. Euphorbiaceae Peru, [143]
Croton leptostachyus Kunth Euphorbiaceae Colombia, [81]
Croton niveus Jacq. Euphorbiaceae Nicaragua, [134]; Unknown, [90, 138]
Croton reflexifolius Kunth Euphorbiaceae El Salvador, [134]; Guatemala, [138]
Croton sacaquinha Croizat Euphorbiaceae Brazil, [102, 78, 144, 194]
Croton schiedeanus Schltdl. Euphorbiaceae Nicaragua, [4]
Croton sp. Euphorbiaceae Bolivia, [199]; Brazil, [70, 132]; Colombia, [49]; Guianas, [61]
Croton urucurana Baill. Euphorbiaceae Brazil, [59]
Croton xalapensis Kunth Euphorbiaceae Honduras, [115]
Cuphea carthagenensis (Jacq.) J.F. Macbr. Lythraceae Brazil, [138]
Cuphea ingrata Cham. & Schltdl. Lythraceae Brazil, [28]
Cuphea glutinosa Cham. & Schltdl. Lythraceae Argentina, [87]
Curarea candicans (Rich. ex DC.) Barneby & Krukoff Menispermaceae Guianas, [61]
Curarea sp. Menispermaceae Peru, [143]
Curarea tecunarum Barneby & Krukoff Menispermaceae Peru, [120]
Curarea toxicofera (Wedd.) Barneby & Krukoff Menispermaceae Colombia, [134]
Curatella americana L. Dilleniaceae Bolivia, [199]; Brazil, [132]
Curcuma longa L.* Zingiberaceae Brazil, [24]; Guianas, [196]; Peru, [120, 143, 149, 168]
Cyathea lasiosora (Mett. ex Kuhn) Domin Cyatheaceae Colombia, [134]
Cyathea microdonta (Desv.) Domin Cyatheaceae Colombia, [26, 134]
Cyathula achyranthoides (Kunth) Moq. Amaranthaceae Colombia, [26]
Cyathula prostrata (L.) Blume Amaranthaceae Brazil, [147]; Colombia, [26]
Cymbopogon citratus (DC.) Stapf* Poaceae Bolivia, [199]; Brazil, [118, 161]; Caribbean, [16, 122]; Colombia, [85]; Guianas, [61, 196]; Peru, [120, 143, 168]; Venezuela, [62]
Cynara cardunculus L.* Asteraceae Brazil, [170]
Cyperus alternifolius L.* Cyperaceae Colombia, [150]
Cyperus diffusus Vahl Cyperaceae Ecuador, [163]
Cyperus sp. Cyperaceae Bolivia, [199]
Dalbergia riedelii (Benth.) Sandwith Fabaceae Brazil, [144]
Davilla kunthii A.St.-Hil. Dilleniaceae Brazil, [137]
Deguelia amazonica Killip Fabaceae Brazil, [118]
Desmodium axillare (Sw.) DC. Fabaceae Guianas, [134]
Desmodium incanum (Sw.) DC. Fabaceae Brazil, [100]; Guianas, [105]; Nicaragua, [44]
Desmodium sp. Fabaceae Colombia, [134]
Dianthera calycina (Nees) B.D.Jacks. Acanthaceae Brazil, [75]
Dianthera pectoralis (Jacq.) J.F.Gmel. Acanthaceae Guianas, [92]
Dichorisandra sp. Commelinaceae Colombia, [26]
Dichrostachys cinerea (L.) Wight & Arn.* Fabaceae Colombia, [49]
Didymopanax morototoni (Aubl.) Decne. & Planch Araliaceae Guianas, [61]
Dioclea sp. Fabaceae Colombia, [178]
Dioclea virgata (Rich.) Amshoff Fabaceae Brazil, [3]
Dioicodendron dioicum (K. Schum. & K. Krause) Steyerm. Rubiaceae Unknown, [90]
Dioscorea amazonum Mart. ex Griseb. Dioscoreaceae Brazil, [198]
Diospyros nigra (J.F.Gmel.) Perrier Ebenaceae Mexico, [138]
Diplopterys cabrerana (Cuatrec.) B.Gates Malpighiaceae Ecuador, [134]
Dipteryx odorata (Aubl.) Willd. Fabaceae Brazil, [28, 51]
Discaria americana Gillies & Hook. Rhamnaceae Brazil, [50]
Dolichandra unguis-cati (L.) L.G. Lohmann Bignoniaceae Brazil, [137]; Colombia, [81]
Doliocarpus brevipedicellatus Garcke Dilleniaceae Brazil, [105]
Doliocarpus dentatus (Aubl.) Standl. Dilleniaceae Colombia, [158, 177]
Doliocarpus magnificus Sleumer Dilleniaceae Brazil, [185]
Doliocarpus major J.F. Gmel. Dilleniaceae Brazil, [137]
Dorstenia brasiliensis Lam. Moraceae Brazil, [137]
Dorstenia contrajerva L. Moraceae Mexico, [134]
Drymaria cordata (L.) Willd. ex Schult. Caryophyllaceae Brazil, [127]; Guianas, [61]
Duguetia hadrantha (Diels) R.E. Fr. Annonaceae Peru, [134]; Unknown, [90]
Dysphania ambrosioides (L.) Mosyakin & Clemants Amaranthaceae Brazil, [78]; Colombia, [26]; Peru, [120, 143]
Ecclinusa ramiflora Mart. Sapotaceae Peru, [143]
Echinochloa polystachya (Kunth) Hitchc. Poaceae Brazil, [75]
Eclipta prostrata (L.) L. Asteraceae Brazil, [101]; El Salvador, [134]
Egletes liebmannii Sch.Bip. ex Hemsl. Asteraceae Belize, [18]
Egletes viscosa (L.) Less. Asteraceae Brazil, [75]
Eirmocephala brachiata (Benth. ex Oerst.) H.Rob. Asteraceae Colombia, [81]
Elaeoluma schomburgkiana (Miq.) Baill. Sapotaceae Brazil, [147]
Elephantopus mollis Kunth Asteraceae Brazil, [28]; Colombia, [85]
Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertn.* Poaceae Brazil, [51]; Colombia, [26]; Guianas, [61]
Eleutherine bulbosa (Mill.) Urb. Iridaceae Brazil, [102]
Emmotum aff. nitens (Benth.) Miers Icacinaceae Brazil, [21]
Endlicheria dysodantha (Ruiz & Pav.) Mez Lauraceae Brazil, [105]; Unknown, [90]
Endopleura uchi (Huber) Cuatrec. Humiriaceae Brazil, [144]
Enicostema verticillatum (L.) Engl. Gentianaceae Caribbean, [138]
Eperua glabriflora (Ducke) Cowan Fabaceae Brazil, [186]
Equisetum bogotense Kunth Equisetaceae Colombia, [26]; Peru, [57]
Equisetum giganteum L. Equisetaceae Colombia, [26, 134]; Peru, [37, 57]
Eriosema crinitum (Kunth) G. Don Fabaceae Guianas, [61]
Eriotheca sp. Malvaceae Bolivia, [199]
Erisma calcaratum (Link) Warm. Vochysiaceae Brazil, [28]; Venezuela, [134]
Ertela trifolia (L.) Kuntze Rutaceae Brazil, [3] Guianas, [23]
Eryngium foetidum L. Apiaceae Brazil, [75, 78]
Eryngium foetidum L. Apiaceae Brazil, [78]; Colombia, [26]; Guianas, [61, 196]; Peru, [116, 120, 143, 166, 168]
Erythrina fusca Lour. Fabaceae Colombia, [177]; Guianas, [91]; Peru, [149]
Erythroxylum coca Lam. Erythroxylaceae Brazil, [102, 78, 118]
Erythroxylum tortuosum Mart. Erythroxylaceae Brazil, [170]
Eschweilera sp. Lecythidaceae Brazil, [185]
Esenbeckia febrifuga (A. St.-Hil.) A. Juss. ex Mart. Rutaceae Brazil, [28, 35, 50, 137]
Esenbeckia leiocarpa Engl. Rutaceae Brazil, [59]
Eucalyptus globulus Labill.* Myrtaceae Caribbean, [138]; Colombia, [10, 49, 81, 119, 165]; Cuba, [138]; Mexico, [138]; Venezuela, [40]
Eucalyptus sp. Myrtaceae Brazil, [179, 184, 185]; Colombia, [26]
Eugenia pitanga (O.Berg) Nied. Myrtaceae Brazil, [34, 170]
Eugenia sulcata Spring ex Mart. Myrtaceae Brazil, [79]
Eugenia uniflora L. Myrtaceae Brazil, [78, 59]
Euphorbia blodgettii Engelm. ex Hitchc. Euphorbiaceae Belize, [18, 134]
Euphorbia prostrata Aiton Euphorbiaceae Brazil, [118]
Euterpe catinga Wallace Arecaceae Brazil, [118, 184, 185, 186]; Colombia, [146]; Peru, [20]
Euterpe edulis Mart. Arecaceae Peru, [9]
Euterpe oleracea Mart. Arecaceae Brazil, [24, 78, 144, 154, 184, 185]; Colombia, [146]; Guianas, [196]; Peru, [149]
Euterpe precatoria Mart. Arecaceae Bolivia, [94]; Brazil, [75, 78, 118, 179, 184, 185, 193, 194]; Colombia, [146]; Ecuador, [84]; Guianas, [23, 61]; Peru, [2, 20, 11, 83, 93, 120, 152, 168]; Unknown, [90]
Euterpe sp. Arecaceae Colombia, [158, 177]
Exostema caribaeum (Jacq.) Schult. Rubiaceae Mexico, [6]
Fagus sylvatica L.* Fagaceae Colombia, [119]
Ferdinandusa rudgeoides (Benth.) Wedd. Rubiaceae Brazil, [144]
Fevillea cordifolia L. Cucurbitaceae Ecuador, [134]
Ficus insipida Willd. Moraceae Brazil, [132]; Peru, [120, 138, 168, 191]
Ficus mathewsii (Miq.) Miq. Moraceae Bolivia, [199]
Fischeria cf. stellata (Vell.) E.Fourn. Apocynaceae Brazil, [63]
Fridericia chica (Bonpl.) L.G. Lohmann Bignoniaceae Brazil, [102, 78, 98]
Fridericia schumanniana (Loes.) L.G. Lohmann Bignoniaceae Colombia, [145, 158]
Fridericia sp. Bignoniaceae Brazil, [65]
Galactia jussiaeana Kunth Fabaceae Venezuela, [195]
Galipea jasminiflora (A. St.-Hil.) Engl. Rutaceae Brazil, [28, 50]
Gallesia integrifolia (Spreng.) Harms Phytolaccaceae Peru, [149]
Geissospermum argenteum Woodson Apocynaceae Brazil, [134, 144, 98]; Guianas, [23, 91, 167, 134]
Geissospermum laeve (Vell.) Miers Apocynaceae Bolivia, [139]; Brazil, [34, 50, 137]; Guianas, [23, 91, 196]; Paraguay, [88]
Geissospermum reticulatum A.H. Gentry Apocynaceae Bolivia, [134, 199]; Brazil, [75]
Geissospermum sericeum Benth. & Hook. f. ex Miers Apocynaceae Brazil, [28, 35, 50, 128, 131, 159]; Guianas, [61, 134, 196]; Unknown, [90]
Geissospermum sp. Apocynaceae Brazil, [58, 184, 185]
Geissospermum urceolatum A.H.Gentry Apocynaceae Brazil, [51]
Genipa americana L. Rubiaceae Brazil, [118, 186]
Genipa sp. ø Rubiaceae Brazil, [132]
Gentianella gilgiana (Reimers) Fabris ex J.S.Pringle Gentianaceae Peru, [134]
Gentianella sp. Gentianaceae Peru, [134]
Geogenanthus ciliatus G.Brückn. Commelinaceae Ecuador, [134]
Gliricidia sepium (Jacq.) Kunth ex Walp. Fabaceae Caribbean, [138]; Colombia, [26, 85]; Mexico, [138]
Glycydendron amazonicum Ducke Euphorbiaceae Brazil, [118]
Gomphrena arborescens L.f. Amaranthaceae Brazil, [28]
Gomphrena globosa L. Amaranthaceae Colombia, [26]
Gossypium barbadense L. Malvaceae Brazil, [63, 131]
Gossypium herbaceum L.* Malvaceae Brazil, [154]
Goupia glabra Aubl. Goupiaceae Brazil, [102]; Guianas, [61]
Grias neuberthii J.F. Macbr. Lecythidaceae Ecuador, [66, 84, 134]; Peru, [120, 134, 149, 166, 168]; Unknown, [90]
Grias peruviana Miers Lecythidaceae Peru, [71, 173]
Grias sp. Lecythidaceae Ecuador, [134]; Peru, [134]
Grona adscendens (Sw.) H.Ohashi & K.Ohashi Fabaceae Peru, [116]
Grona barbata (L.) H.Ohashi & K.Ohashi Fabaceae Nicaragua, [44]
Grona trifloral (L.) H.Ohashi & K.Ohashi Fabaceae Nicaragua, [44]
Guarea guidonia (L.) Sleumer Meliaceae Brazil, [132]; Colombia, [158]; Ecuador, [84, 134]; Nicaragua, [134]; Peru, [149, 191]
Guarea kunthiana A. Juss. Meliaceae Guianas, [61]
Guarea pubescens (Rich.) A. Juss. Meliaceae Brazil, [78, 185]; Peru, [134]
Guarea sp. Meliaceae Brazil, [98]
Guatteria guianensis (Aubl.) R.E. Fr. Annonaceae Brazil, [118]
Guatteria megalophylla Diels Annonaceae Colombia, [178]
Guatteria punctata (Aubl.) R.A.Howard Annonaceae Brazil, [198]
Guatteria sp. Annonaceae Colombia, [134]; Ecuador, [130]
Guazuma ulmifolia Lam. Malvaceae El Salvador, [138]; Unknown, [66, 90]
Guettarda angelica Mart. ex Müll. Arg. Rubiaceae Brazil, [34]
Guilandina bonduc L. Fabaceae Brazil, [34]; Caribbean, [138]
Gustavia sp. Lecythidaceae Peru, [134]
Gustavia longifolia Poepp. ex O.Berg Lecythidaceae Peru, [134, 173]
Gymnanthemum amygdalinum (Delile) Sch. Bip. ex Walp. Asteraceae Brazil, [102, 78, 131, 144, 59, 147, 179, 184, 185]; Guianas, [196]
Hamelia axillaris Sw. Rubiaceae Colombia, [26, 134]
Hamelia patens Jacq. Rubiaceae Ecuador, [84]; Nicaragua, [45]; Peru, [31, 42]; Unknown, [90]
Handroanthus barbatus (E. Mey.) Mattos Bignoniaceae Brazil, [118]
Handroanthus impetiginosus (Mart. ex DC.) Mattos Bignoniaceae Bolivia, [94]; Brazil, [24, 28, 58, 185]; Peru, [191]
Handroanthus ochraceus subsp. neochrysanthus (A.H. Gentry) S.O. Grose Bignoniaceae Colombia, [177]
Handroanthus serratifolius (Vahl) S.O. Grose Bignoniaceae Colombia, [158]; Peru, [191]
Hawkesiophyton ochraceum (Cuatrec.) A.Orejuela & C.I.Orozco Solanaceae Ecuador, [19]
Hebeclinium macrophyllum (L.) DC. Asteraceae Brazil, [132]; Peru, [129]
Heisteria acuminata (Humb. & Bonpl.) Engl. Olacaceae Peru, [11]
Helia alata (Aubl.) Kuntze Gentianaceae Brazil, [131]; Guianas, [23, 61]; Peru, [31, 42]
Helianthus annuus L. Asteraceae Colombia, [81]
Heliconia psittacorum L.f. Heliconiaceae Guianas, [92]
Heliconia wagneriana Petersen Heliconiaceae Colombia, [26]
Heliopsis buphthalmoides (Jacq.) Dunal Asteraceae Colombia, [26]
Heliotropium indicum L. Boraginaceae Venezuela, [40]
Heteropsis sp. Araceae Brazil, [78]
Heteropsis tenuispadix G.S. Bunting Araceae Brazil, [118]
Hevea brasiliensis (Willd. ex A.Juss.) Müll.Arg. Euphorbiaceae Bolivia, [199]
Hevea guianensis Aubl. Euphorbiaceae Peru, [191]
Hevea guianensis var. lutea (Spruce ex Benth.) Ducke & R.E. Schult. Euphorbiaceae Peru, [149]
Hibiscus sabdariffa L.* Malvaceae Peru, [143]
Hibiscus verbasciformis Klotzsch ex Hochr. Malvaceae Colombia, [26]
Himatanthus articulatus (Vahl) Woodson Apocynaceae Bolivia, [199]; Brazil, [54, 102, 105, 128, 131, 144, 179, 184, 185]; Ecuador, [134]; Peru, [120, 143]; Venezuela, [111]; Unknown, [90]
Himatanthus bracteatus (A. DC.) Woodson Apocynaceae Brazil, [28, 51]; Guianas, [61]
Himatanthus revolutus (Huber) Spina & Kin.-Gouv. Apocynaceae Brazil, [185]
Himatanthus sp. Apocynaceae Brazil, [132, 103]
Himatanthus tarapotensis (K. Schum. ex Markgr.) Plumel Apocynaceae Peru, [134, 149]
Hintonia latiflora (Sessé & Moc. ex DC.) Bullock Rubiaceae Mexico, [5, 134]
Hippeastrum puniceum (Lam.) Voss Amaryllidaceae Caribbean, [16]
Hiraea apaporiensis Cuatrec. Malpighiaceae Colombia, [158]
Homalolepis cedron (Planch.) Devecchi & Pirani Simaroubaceae Brazil, [5, 78, 144, 159, 161, 184, 185]; Colombia, [26, 69, 81, 134, 85, 192]; El Salvador, [138]; Guianas, [61, 91]; Panama, [117]
Homalolepis ferruginea (A.St.-Hil.) Devecchi & Pirani Simaroubaceae Brazil, [28, 79]
Homalolepis morettii (Feuillet) Devecchi & Pirani Simaroubaceae Guianas, [91]
Hortia brasiliana Vand. ex DC. Rutaceae Brazil, [50, 134]
Hortia sp. Rutaceae Brazil, [5]
Humiria balsamifera Aubl. Humiriaceae Brazil, [186]
Huperzia crassa (Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd.) Rothm. Lycopodiaceae Colombia, [81]
Huperzia saururus (Lam.) Trevis. Lycopodiaceae Colombia, [49]
Hydrochorea marginata var. panurensis (Spruce ex Benth.) Barneby & J.W. Grimes Fabaceae Colombia, [177]
Hydrochorea sp. ø Fabaceae Brazil, [132]
Hymenachne donacifolia (Raddi) Chase Poaceae Bolivia, [134]
Hymenaea courbaril L. Fabaceae Bolivia, [199]; Brazil, [65, 171, 131, 59, 172]; Guianas, [23]; Peru, [2, 11, 168]
Hymenocallis sp. Amaryllidaceae Caribbean, [16]; Colombia, [26]
Hymenocallis tubiflora Salisb. Amaryllidaceae Guianas, [91]
Hyptis capitata Jacq. Lamiaceae Colombia, [26, 134]
Hyptis crenata Pohl ex Benth. Lamiaceae Brazil, [63]
Hyptis recurvata Poit. Lamiaceae Colombia, [26, 134]
Ilex guayusa Loes. Aquifoliaceae Ecuador, [177]; Unknown, [90]
Ilex sp. Aquifoliaceae Peru, [149]
Impatiens cf. noli-tangere L. Balsaminaceae Colombia, [26]
Indigofera suffruticosa Mill. Fabaceae Brazil, [34, 170]
Inga acreana Harms Fabaceae Ecuador, [182]
Inga edulis Mart. Fabaceae Brazil, [132, 186]
Inga sertulifera DC. Fabaceae Peru, [15, 191]
Inga sessilis (Vell.) Mart. Fabaceae Brazil, [34]
Inga sp. ø Fabaceae Brazil, [132]
Inga thibaudiana DC. Fabaceae Guianas, [61]
Inga umbellifera (Vahl) Steud. Fabaceae Colombia, [158]
Iochroma arborescens (L.) J.M.H.Shaw Solanaceae Brazil, [162]
Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam. Convolvulaceae Bolivia, [199]
Iresine diffusa Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd. Amaranthaceae Peru, [42]
Iresine latifolia (M.Martens & Galeotti) Benth. & Hook.f. Amaranthaceae Mexico, [138]
Iriartea deltoidea Ruiz & Pav. Arecaceae Brazil, [118]; Ecuador, [39]; Peru, [191]
Iriartella setigera (Mart.) H. Wendl. Arecaceae Peru, [20]
Iriartella stenocarpa Burret Arecaceae Peru, [20]
Iryanthera hostmannii (Benth.) Warb. Myristicaceae Brazil, [184, 185]
Isertia haenkeana DC. Rubiaceae Colombia, [81]
Isertia hypoleuca Benth. Rubiaceae Colombia, [177]; Peru, [191]; Unknown, [90]
Isocarpha microcephala (DC.) S.F. Blake Asteraceae Venezuela, [5]
Jacaranda cf. hesperia Dugand Bignoniaceae Colombia, [26]
Jacaranda copaia (Aubl.) D. Don Bignoniaceae Brazil, [118]; Colombia, [158]; Peru, [42]
Jacaranda sp. Bignoniaceae Colombia, [85]
Jateorhiza palmata (Lam.) Miers* Menispermaceae Brazil, [28]
Jatropha curcas L. Euphorbiaceae Bolivia, [199]; Brazil, [144, 179, 184, 185]; Colombia, [26]; Peru, [143]
Jatropha gossypiifolia L. Euphorbiaceae Brazil, [52]; Peru, [149, 168]
Jatropha podagrica Hook. Euphorbiaceae Nicaragua, [5]
Joosia dichotoma (Ruiz & Pav.) H. Karst. Rubiaceae Peru, [6, 134]
Justicia secunda Vahl Acanthaceae Guianas, [61]
Justicia sp. Acanthaceae Brazil, [102]
Kalanchoe pinnata (Lam.) Pers.* Crassulaceae Brazil, [78]; Colombia, [26]
Krugiodendron ferreum (Vahl) Urb. Rhamnaceae Belize, [18]
Lacistema aggregatum (P.J. Bergius) Rusby Lacistemataceae Peru, [66]; Unknown, [90]
Lacunaria macrostachya (Tul.) A.C. Sm. Ochnaceae Brazil, [175]
Ladenbergia amazonensis Ducke Rubiaceae Peru, [134]
Ladenbergia carua (Wedd.) Standl. Rubiaceae Colombia, [81]; Unknown, [90]
Ladenbergia cujabensis Klotzsch Rubiaceae Brazil, [50]
Ladenbergia hexandra (Pohl) Klotzsch Rubiaceae Brazil, [50]
Ladenbergia lambertiana (A. Braun ex Mart.) Klotzsch Rubiaceae Brazil, [50]
Ladenbergia macrocarpa (Vahl) Klotzsch Rubiaceae Colombia, [81]; Ecuador, [134]
Ladenbergia muzonensis (Goudot) Standl. Rubiaceae Colombia, [81]
Ladenbergia oblongifolia (Humb. ex Mutis) L. Andersson Rubiaceae Brazil, [50]; Colombia, [81]; Peru, [66, 134, 191]; Unknown, [90]
Ladenbergia riveroana (Wedd.) Standl. Rubiaceae Unknown, [90]
Laelia sp. Orchidaceae Peru, [169]
Lantana camara L. Verbenaceae Brazil, [34, 170]; Caribbean, [134]; Colombia, [26]; Guianas, [61, 121, 196]
Lantana cujabensis Schauer Verbenaceae Bolivia, [199]
Lantana sp. Verbenaceae Colombia, [85]
Lantana trifolia L. Verbenaceae Bolivia, [199]; Colombia, [81]
Laportea aestuans (L.) Chew Urticaceae Brazil, [59]; Peru, [168]
Lasiacis maculata (Aubl.) Urb. Poaceae Colombia, [26, 134]
Lasiacis procerrima (Hack.) Hitchc. ex Chase Poaceae Colombia, [26]
Leonia ulei (Melch.) Byng & Christenh. Violaceae Bolivia, [199]
Leonotis nepetifolia (L.) R. Br.* Lamiaceae Brazil, [24, 63, 75, 59, 161, 162]; Cuba, [138]; Guianas, [196]; Venezuela, [138]
Leonurus japonicus Houtt.* Lamiaceae Brazil, [162]
Leonurus sibiricus L.* Lamiaceae Argentina, [134]; Brazil, [106, 79, 137]
Lepidium didymum L. Brassicaceae Colombia, [119]
Lepidocaryum tenue Mart. Arecaceae Peru, [20]
Leptolobium panamense (Benth.) Sch.Rodr. & A.M.G.Azevedo Fabaceae Belize, [12, 18, 134]; El Salvador, [138]; Guatemala, [86, 138], Honduras, [115]; Mexico, [134]
Leptolobium dasycarpum Vogel Fabaceae Brazil, [159]
Leretia cordata Vell. Icacinaceae Peru, [143]
Leucas martinicensis (Jacq.) R.Br.* Lamiaceae Brazil, [162]
Libidibia ferrea (Mart. Ex Tul.) L.P. Queiroz Fabaceae Brazil, [51, 102, 118, 131]
Licania hebantha Mart. ex Hook. f. Chrysobalanaceae Colombia, [177]
Licania parviflora Benth. Chrysobalanaceae Colombia, [177]
Limnocharis flava (L.) Buchenau Alismataceae Colombia, [26, 134]
Lindackeria paludosa (Benth.) Gilg Achariaceae Colombia, [177]
Lippia alba (Mill.) N.E. Br. ex Britton & P. Wilson Verbenaceae Colombia, [26]; Guianas, [196]
Lippia dulcis Trevir. Verbenaceae Colombia, [26]
Lippia origanoides Kunth Verbenaceae Brazil, [131]
Lippia sp. Verbenaceae Peru, [129]
Lomariopsis aff. japurensis (Mart.) J. Sm. Lomariopsidaceae Peru, [93]
Ludwigia hyssopifolia (G.Don) Exell Onagraceae Colombia, [134]
Ludwigia octovalvis (Jacq.) P.H. Raven Onagraceae Colombia, [26, 134]
Luehea sp. Malvaceae Brazil, [54]
Luffa acutangula (L.) Roxb.* Cucurbitaceae Brazil, [162]
Luffa operculata (L.) Cogn. Cucurbitaceae Brazil, [24, 78, 132, 144, 59]
Machaerium acutifolium Vogel Fabaceae Bolivia, [199]
Machaerium ferox (Benth.) Ducke Fabaceae Brazil, [144]
Machaerium floribundum Benth. Fabaceae Peru, [120]
Machaerium sp. ø Fabaceae Brazil, [132]; Colombia, [26, 158]
Maclura tinctoria (L.) D. Don ex Steud. Moraceae Argentina, [138]
Macrocarpaea noctiluca J.R. Grant & Struwe Gentianaceae Ecuador, [134]
Macrocnemum roseum (Ruiz & Pav.) Wedd. Rubiaceae Brazil, [50]; Colombia, [136]
Magnolia mexicana DC. Magnoliaceae Mexico, [138]
Magnolia sororum Seibert Magnoliaceae Nicaragua, [134]
Malachra alceifolia Jacq. Malvaceae Peru, [120, 143, 168]
Malachra capitata (L.) L. Malvaceae Peru, [143, 149]
Malachra rudis Benth. Malvaceae Colombia, [26]
Mammea americana L. Calophyllaceae Brazil, [34]; Colombia, [49]; Ecuador, [138]
Mangifera indica L.* Anacardiaceae Bolivia, [199]; Brazil, [51, 144]; Colombia, [10, 26, 134, 158]; Panama, [68]; Peru, [120, 168]
Manihot carthaginensis subsp. glaziovii (Müll.Arg.) Allem Euphorbiaceae Nicaragua, [4]
Manihot esculenta Crantz Euphorbiaceae Brazil, [179, 185]; Ecuador, [84]
Mansoa alliacea (Lam.) A.H. Gentry Bignoniaceae Peru, [143, 149, 168]
Mansoa standleyi (Steyerm.) A.H. Gentry Bignoniaceae Ecuador, [130]; Peru, [120]
Maquira coriacea (H. Karst.) C.C. Berg Moraceae Bolivia, [139]; Peru, [120]
Maranta arundinacea L. Marantaceae Brazil, [34, 170]
Matisia cf. glandifera Planch. & Triana Malvaceae Colombia, [145, 158]
Matricaria chamomilla L.* Asteraceae Colombia, [192]; Nicaragua, [77]
Mauria heterophylla Kunth Anacardiaceae Peru, [37]
Mauritia flexuosa L.f. Arecaceae Brazil, [78, 131]
Maytenus boaria Molina Celastraceae Brazil, [137]
Maytenus guyanensis Klotzsh ex Reissek Celastraceae Brazil, [194]
Maytenus ilicifolia Mart. ex Reissek Celastraceae Brazil, [59]
Maytenus laevis Reissek Celastraceae Ecuador, [130]
Maytenus macrocarpa (Ruiz & Pav.) Briq. Celastraceae Ecuador, [130]; Peru, [143, 149, 168, 191]
Maytenus sp. Celastraceae Peru, [120, 134, 143, 149]
Megathyrsus maximus (Jacq.) B.K.Simon & S.W.L.Jacobs * Poaceae Caribbean, [138]
Melampodium divaricatum (Rich. Ex Rich.) DC. Asteraceae Brazil, [28]; Guatemala, [86]
Melia azedarach L.* Meliaceae Peru, [66]
Melilotus albus Medik.* Fabaceae Mexico, [107]
Mentha pulegium L.* Lamiaceae Brazil, [148]
Mentha sp. Lamiaceae Colombia, [85]
Mesosphaerum pectinatum (L.) Kuntze Lamiaceae Guianas, [196]
Mesosphaerum sidifolium (L'Hérit.) Harley & J.F.B.Pastore Lamiaceae Ecuador, [182]
Mesosphaerum suaveolens (L.) Kuntze Lamiaceae Nicaragua, [77]
Miconia albicans (Sw.) Steud. Melastomataceae Bolivia, [199]
Miconia crenata (Vahl) Michelang. Melastomataceae Peru, [168]
Miconia hyemalis A. St.-Hil. & Naudin Melastomataceae Brazil, [24]
Miconia sp. ø Melastomataceae Brazil, [132]
Miconia tiliifolia Naudin Melastomataceae Brazil, [24]
Microlobius foetidus (Jacq.) M. Sousa & G. Andrade Fabaceae Colombia, [49]
Mikania congesta DC. Asteraceae Guianas, [92]
Mikania cordifolia (L. f.) Willd. Asteraceae Guianas, [91]
Mikania glomerata Spreng. Asteraceae Brazil, [24, 28]
Mikania guaco Humb. & Bonpl. Asteraceae Guianas, [23, 196]
Mikania hookeriana DC. Asteraceae Guianas, [61]
Mikania micrantha Kunth Asteraceae Colombia, [134]; Guianas, [61, 91, 121, 196]; Mexico, [138]
Mikania officinalis Mart. Asteraceae Brazil, [170]
Mikania parviflora (Aubl.) H. Karst. Asteraceae Brazil, [137]
Mikania psilostachya DC. Asteraceae Brazil, [185]
Mikania sp. Asteraceae Brazil, [102]
Mimosa pudica L. Fabaceae Ecuador, [163]
Minquartia guianensis Aubl. Olacaceae Colombia, [156]; Peru, [120, 143, 149, 168, 192]
Minthostachys mollis (Benth.) Griseb. Lamiaceae Ecuador, [182]
Mitracarpus megapotamicus (Spreng.) Kuntze Rubiaceae Argentina, [87]
Momordica charantia L.* Cucurbitaceae Belize, [18]; Bolivia, [30, 94]; Brazil, [189, 25, 24, 34, 35, 41, 51, 53, 63, 75, 105, 171, 131, 59, 148, 161, 162, 172, 179, 98, 194]; Caribbean, [16, 122]; Colombia, [81, 134, 85]; Ecuador, [134]; Guatemala, [48, 86, 134]; Guianas, [61, 121]; Honduras, [115, 134]; Nicaragua, [22, 44, 45, 43, 134]; Panama, [134]; Peru, [129]; Venezuela, [40, 195]
Monopteryx uaucu Spruce ex Benth. Fabaceae Brazil, [118]; Colombia, [158]
Monstera dubia (Kunth) Engl. & K. Krause Araceae Brazil, [198]
Monticalia rex (Sandwith) C. Jeffrey Asteraceae Venezuela, [17]
Montrichardia arborescens (L.) Schott Araceae Brazil, [118]
Morinda sp. Rubiaceae Panama, [68]
Moringa oleifera Lam.* Moringaceae Colombia, [49]; El Salvador, [138]; Guatemala, [138]
Morisonia coimbrana (Cornejo & Iltis) Christenh. & Byng Capparaceae Bolivia, [199]
Mouriri sp. Melastomataceae Ecuador, [163]
Munnozia hastifolia (Poepp.) H.Rob. & Brettell Asteraceae Peru, [129]
Musa x paradisiaca L.* Musaceae Brazil, [28]
Myrciaria dubia (Kunth) McVaugh Myrtaceae Brazil, [132]; Peru, [168]
Myroxylon balsamum (L.) Harms Fabaceae Colombia, [158]; Peru, [143, 149]
Myrsine latifolia (Ruiz & Pav.) Spreng. Primulaceae Ecuador, [6]
Myrtus communis L.* Myrtaceae Colombia, [10]
Napeanthus apodemus Donn. Sm. Gesneriaceae Colombia, [26]
Naucleopsis ulei (Warb.) Ducke Moraceae Brazil, [137]
Neurolaena lobata (L.) R.Br. ex Cass. Asteraceae Belize, [18, 134]; Caribbean, [122]; Colombia, [26, 134, 85]; Costa Rica, [138]; Ecuador, [134, 163]; Guatemala, [48, 86, 134, 155]; Honduras, [115, 138]; Nicaragua, [22, 44, 45, 43, 134]; Panama, [67]
Nicotiana tabacum L. Solanaceae Ecuador, [84]
Niedenzuella stannea (Griseb.) W.R. Anderson Malpighiaceae Colombia, [177]
Ochroma pyramidale (Cav. ex Lam.) Urb. Malvaceae Colombia, [134]
Ocimum basilicum L.* Lamiaceae Puerto Rico, [32]
Ocimum campechianum Mill. Lamiaceae Guianas, [196]
Ocimum gratissimum L.* Lamiaceae Brazil, [24]
Ocotea odorifera (Vell.) J.G. Rohwer Lauraceae Brazil, [28]
Oenocarpus bacaba Mart. Arecaceae Colombia, [146]; Peru, [20, 120, 149, 168]
Oenocarpus mapora H. Karst. Arecaceae Colombia, [146]; Peru, [20, 66]; Unknown, [90]
Operculina hamiltonii (G. Don) D.F. Austin & Staples Convolvulaceae Brazil, [144]
Oreocallis grandiflora (Lam.) R.Br. Proteaceae Peru, [134]
Ormosia arborea (Vell). Harms Fabaceae Peru, [191]
Ormosia costulata (Miq.) Kleinhoonte Fabaceae Peru, [191]
Ormosia discolor Spruce ex Benth. Fabaceae Brazil, [118]
Ormosia nobilis Tul. Fabaceae Bolivia, [199]
Ormosia sp. ø Fabaceae Brazil, [132]
Oryctanthus alveolatus (Kunth) Kuijt Loranthaceae Peru, [149]
Otholobium mexicanum (L. f.) J.W. Grimes Fabaceae Colombia, [81]
Ouratea hexasperma (A. St.-Hil.) Baill. Ochnaceae Brazil, [50]
Oxalis psoraleoides Kunth Oxalidaceae Peru, [134]
Oxalis sp. Oxalidaceae Guianas, [61]
Palicourea alba (Aubl.) Delprete & J.H.Kirkbr Rubiaceae Brazil, [198]
Palicourea caerulea (Ruiz & Pav.) Schult. Rubiaceae Ecuador, [134]
Palicourea humboldtiana (Cham.) Delprete & J.H.Kirkbr. Rubiaceae Colombia, [176]
Palicourea luteonivea C.M. Taylor Rubiaceae Ecuador, [19]
Palicourea rigida Kunth Rubiaceae Brazil, [132, 142, 54]
Palicourea subalatoides C.M. Taylor Rubiaceae Ecuador, [19]
Palicourea woronovii (Standl.) Bruniera & C.M.Taylor Rubiaceae Colombia, [158]
Parahancornia fasciculata (Poir.) Benoist Apocynaceae Brazil, [144]
Parkia pendula (Willd.) Benth. ex Walp. Fabaceae Brazil, [75]
Parkinsonia aculeata L. Fabaceae Argentina, [138]; Brazil, [3, 56, 137]; Colombia, [119, 138, 150]; Mexico, [138]; Paraguay, [88]; Unknown, [90]
Parthenium hysterophorus L. Asteraceae Argentina, [134]; Cuba, [138]; Venezuela, [40]
Paspalum conjugatum P.J. Bergius Poaceae Cuba, [138]; Colombia, [26]
Paspalum gardnerianum Nees Poaceae Brazil, [185]
Passiflora coccinea Aubl. Passifloraceae Brazil, [51]
Passiflora edulis Sims Passifloraceae Brazil, [189]; Peru, [149]
Passiflora foetida L. Passifloraceae Brazil, [131]; Venezuela, [134]
Passiflora laurifolia L. Passifloraceae Guianas, [92]; Peru, [9]
Passiflora ligularis Juss. Passifloraceae Peru, [66, 57]
Passiflora nitida Kunth Passifloraceae Guianas, [92]
Passiflora quadrangularis L Passifloraceae Nicaragua, [44, 45]; Peru, [134, 191]
Passovia pyrifolia (Kunth) Tiegh. Loranthaceae Guianas, [61]
Paullinia splendida R.E. Schult. Sapindaceae Colombia, [177]
Paullinia yoco R.E. Schult. & Killip Sapindaceae Colombia, [81, 89]
Pavonia fruticosa (Mill.) Fawc. & Rendle Malvaceae Colombia, [26]
Peperomia glabella (Sw.) A. Dietr. Piperaceae Caribbean, [16]; Guianas, [91]
Peperomia macrostachyos (Vahl) A. Dietr. Piperaceae Brazil, [132]; Guianas, [91]
Peperomia obtusifolia (L.) A. Dietr. Piperaceae Guianas, [91]
Peperomia sp. øø Piperaceae Brazil, [132]; Colombia, [134]
Peperomia trifolia (L.) A. Dietr. Piperaceae Caribbean, [138]
Persea americana Mill. Lauraceae Brazil, [47, 78, 118, 128, 131, 154, 179, 184, 185, 194]; Colombia, [26, 134]; Guianas, [61]; Nicaragua, [77]; Panama, [68]; Peru, [168]
Petiveria alliacea L. Phytolaccaceae Argentina, [174]; Bolivia, [30, 134]; Brazil, [63, 105, 171, 131]; Colombia, [85]; Guianas, [92, 196]; Nicaragua, [126]; Peru, [143, 149, 168]
Phanera sp. Fabaceae Brazil, [185]
Phenakospermum guyannense (A. Rich.) Endl. Ex Miq. Streliziaceae Brazil, [118]
Philodendron cf. uleanum Engl. Araceae Colombia, [178]
Philodendron hylaeae G.S. Bunting Araceae Brazil, [198]
Philodendron linnaei Kunth Araceae Guianas, [61, 134]
Philodendron sp. Araceae Brazil, [102]
Phoradendron chrysocladon A. Gray Santalaceae Colombia, [26]
Phoradendron perrottetii (DC.) Eichler Santalaceae Guianas, [61]
Phyllanthus amarus Schumach. & Thonn. Phyllanthaceae Brazil, [131]; Caribbean, [138]; Cuba, [138]; Guianas, [92, 138, 196]
Phyllanthus caroliniensis Walter Phyllanthaceae Brazil, [144]; Guianas, [92]
Phyllanthus niruri L. Phyllanthaceae Brazil, [137]; Guianas, [92, 196]; Peru, [168]; Unknown, [66]
Phyllanthus orbiculatus Rich. Phyllanthaceae Brazil, [144]
Phyllanthus stipulatus (Raf.) G.L. Webster Phyllanthaceae Brazil, [144]
Phyllanthus tenellus Roxb.* Phyllanthaceae Brazil, [79]
Phyllanthus urinaria L.* Phyllanthaceae Guianas, [92]
Physalis angulata L. Solanaceae Bolivia, [134]; Brazil, [63, 102, 78, 118, 131, 144, 154, 179, 184, 185]; Caribbean, [138]; Nicaragua, [46]; Peru, [14, 66, 120, 138, 143, 149, 168]
Phytelephas tenuicaulis (Barfod) A.J. Hend. Arecaceae Peru, [20]
Phytolacca bogotensis Kunth Phytolaccaceae Peru, [37]
Picramnia antidesma Sw. Picramniaceae Honduras, [5, 134]
Picramnia pentandra Sw. Picramniaceae Caribbean, [138]
Picramnia sp. Picramniaceae Colombia, [26]
Picrasma crenata Engl. in Engl. & Prantl Simaroubaceae Argentina, [60]; Paraguay, [88]
Picrasma excelsa (Sw.) Planch. Simaroubaceae Caribbean, [138]; Cuba, [138]
Picrolemma sprucei Hook.f. Simaroubaceae Brazil, [28, 102, 137]; Colombia, [145, 158]; Guianas, [23, 61, 91, 196]
Pilocarpus jaborandi Holmes Rutaceae Brazil, [70]
Pinus oocarpa Schiede Pinaceae Mexico, [134]
Piper aduncum L. Piperaceae Peru, [66, 149]
Piper angustifolium Lam Piperaceae Peru, [57]
Piper auritifolium Trel. Piperaceae Panama, [134]
Piper brachypodon (Benth.) C. DC. Piperaceae Colombia, [26]
Piper cernuum Vell. Piperaceae Brazil, [59]
Piper coruscans (Miq.) C. DC. Piperaceae Peru, [191]
Piper cuyabanum C. DC. Piperaceae Brazil, [161]
Piper hispidum Sw. Piperaceae Colombia, [177]; Unknown, [90]
Piper marginatum Jacq. Piperaceae Colombia, [81]; Guianas, [23, 196]
Piper nigrum L.* Piperaceae Colombia, [192]
Piper ottonoides Yunck. Piperaceae Brazil, [51]
Piper peltatum L. Piperaceae Brazil, [63, 131, 147, 154, 170, 179]; Colombia, [26]; Ecuador, [134]; Peru, [168]
Piper piscatorum Trel. & Yunck. Piperaceae Brazil, [75]
Piper pseudofuligineum C. DC. Piperaceae Venezuela, [138]
Piper sp. Piperaceae Brazil, [118]; Ecuador, [134]
Piper umbellatum L. Piperaceae Brazil, [137, 172]
Piptocarpha poeppigiana (DC.) Baker Asteraceae Panama, [134]; Unknown, [90]
Piptocoma discolor (Kunth) Pruski Asteraceae Colombia, [26]
Piranhea trifoliata Baill. Picrodendraceae Brazil, [154]
Pisonia aculeata L. Nyctaginaceae Belize, [18]
Pithecellobium sp. Fabaceae Peru, [123]
Pityrogramma calomelanos (L.) Link Pteridaceae Brazil, [154]
Plantago australis Lam. Plantaginaceae Venezuela, [40]
Plantago major L.* Plantaginaceae Brazil, [59]; Colombia, [26, 49, 81]; Peru, [149]
Platymiscium stipulare Benth. Fabaceae Peru, [149]
Plectranthus sp. Lamiaceae Brazil, [78, 103, 154]
Pleonotoma jasminifolia (Kunth) Miers Bignoniaceae Brazil, [102]; Colombia, [158]
Pleonotoma melioides (S. Moore) A.H. Gentry Bignoniaceae Unknown, [82]
Pleurisanthes flava Sandwith Icacinaceae Colombia, [158]
Plinia cf. duplipilosa McVaugh Myrtaceae Colombia, [158]
Pluchea sagittalis (Lam.) Cabrera Asteraceae Brazil, [102]
Podocarpus sprucei Parl. Podocarpaceae Ecuador, [182]
Pogonopus speciosus (Jacq.) K. Schum. Rubiaceae Guatemala, [138]
Pogonopus tubulosus (A.Rich. ex DC.) K.Schum. Rubiaceae Bolivia, [134]; Unknown, [90]
Polygala paniculata L. Polygalaceae Colombia, [26, 85]
Poraqueiba sericea Tul. Icacinaceae Brazil, [185]
Porophyllum ruderale (Jacq.) Cass. Asteraceae Bolivia, [94]
Portulaca oleracea L. Portulacaceae Colombia, [26, 85]
Portulaca pilosa L. Portulacaceae Brazil, [102, 75, 78, 105, 132, 137, 179]
Potalia amara Aubl. Gentianaceae Brazil, [102]; Colombia, [26]; Peru, [14, 120, 178]
Potalia resinifera Mart. Gentianaceae Brazil, [184, 185]; Colombia, [158]; Peru, [11, 168]
Pouteria caimito (Ruiz & Pav.) Radlk. Sapotaceae Brazil, [34]; Peru, [120, 149, 168]
Pouteria cladantha Sandwith Sapotaceae Colombia, [158]
Pouteria elegans (A. DC.) Baehni Sapotaceae Brazil, [147]
Pouteria guianensis Aubl. Sapotaceae Peru, [191]
Pouteria ucuqui Pires & R.E. Schult. Sapotaceae Brazil, [118]
Pradosia lactescens (Vell.) Radlk. Sapotaceae Brazil, [28]
Prunus brasiliensis (Cham. & Schltdl.) D.Dietr. Rosaceae Venezuela, [6]
Prunus domestica L.* Rosaceae Colombia, [10]
Prunus huantensis Pilg. Rosaceae Unknown, [90]
Prunus rotunda J.F.Macbr Rosaceae Ecuador, [134]
Prunus serotina var. salicifolia (Kunth) Koehne Rosaceae Peru, [37]
Pseudelephantopus spiralis (Less.) Cronquist Asteraceae Colombia, [26]; Ecuador, [38]
Pseudobombax munguba (Mart. & Zucc.) Dugand Malvaceae Peru, [120]
Pseudobombax septenatum (Jacq.) Dugand Malvaceae Bolivia, [199]
Pseudoconnarus rhynchosioides (Standl.) Prance Connaraceae Brazil, [147]
Pseudoconyza viscosa (Mill.) D'Arcy Asteraceae El Salvador, [5]
Pseudogynoxys cummingii (Benth. ex Oerst.) H.Rob. & Cuatrec. Asteraceae Costa Rica, [5]
Pseudoxandra cuspidata Maas Annonaceae Guianas, [23]
Psidium acutangulum Mart. ex DC. Myrtaceae Brazil, [132]; Colombia, [158]; Guianas, [23, 114]
Psidium guajava L. Myrtaceae Bolivia, [199]; Colombia, [49, 81, 192]; Nicaragua, [44]; Peru, [149, 168]
Psittacanthus cordatus (Hoffmanns. ex Schult. f.) Blume Loranthaceae Paraguay, [5]
Psittacanthus lasianthus Sandwith Loranthaceae Guianas, [61]
Psychotria laciniata Vell. Rubiaceae Brazil, [162]
Psychotria viridis Ruiz & Pav. Rubiaceae Brazil, [51]
Pterocarpus rohrii Vahl Fabaceae Guianas, [23]
Pterodon emarginatus Vogel Fabaceae Brazil, [161]
Quararibea guianensis Aubl. Malvaceae Brazil, [144]
Quassia amara L. Simaroubaceae Brazil, [24, 28, 33, 47, 52, 102, 78, 137, 179, 184, 185]; Colombia, [81, 85]; Guianas, [23, 61, 92, 121, 181, 196]; Nicaragua, [46, 43, 77, 134]; Panama, [67]
Quiina macrophylla Tul. Ochnaceae Guatemala, [13, 155]
Quiina sp. Ochnaceae Brazil, [105]
Randia armata (Sw.) DC. Rubiaceae Bolivia, [140]
Rauvolfia pentaphylla Huber ex Ducke Apocynaceae Peru, [169]
Rauvolfia sp. Apocynaceae Peru, [120]
Rauvolfia tetraphylla L. Apocynaceae Belize, [18]; El Salvador, [138]; Guatemala, [138]
Remijia amphithrix Standl. Rubiaceae Colombia, [81]
Remijia ferruginea (A. St.-Hil.) DC. Rubiaceae Brazil, [28, 50]
Remijia firmula (Mart. ex Klotzsch) Wedd. Rubiaceae Brazil, [50]
Remijia macrocnemia (Mart.) Wedd. Rubiaceae Brazil, [50]
Remijia macrophylla (H.Karst.) Benth. & Hook.f. ex Flueck. Rubiaceae Colombia, [81]
Remijia trianae Wernham Rubiaceae Colombia, [81]
Remijia ulei K. Krause Rubiaceae Colombia, [81]
Remijia vellozoi (A. St.-Hil.) DC. Rubiaceae Brazil, [50]
Renealmia breviscapa Poepp. & Endl. Zingiberaceae Ecuador, [134]
Renealmia floribunda K. Schum. Zingiberaceae Guianas, [61, 92]
Renealmia guianensis Maas Zingiberaceae Guianas, [61, 91]
Renealmia monosperma Miq. Zingiberaceae Guianas, [92]
Renealmia sp. ø Zingiberaceae Brazil, [132]
Renealmia thyrsoidea (Ruiz & Pav.) Poepp. & Endl. Zingiberaceae Colombia, [178]
Rhizophora mangle L. Rhizophoraceae Colombia, [192]; Unknown, [90]
Rhynchospora barbata (Vahl) Kunth Cyperaceae Guianas, [61]
Rhynchospora nervosa (Vahl) Boeckeler Cyperaceae Colombia, [158]
Ribes nigrum L.* Grossulariaceae Colombia, [119]
Richardia brasiliensis Gomes Rubiaceae Paraguay, [88]
Rolandra fruticosa (L.) Kuntze Asteraceae Brazil, [118]
Roucheria calophylla Planch. Linaceae Colombia, [177, 176]
Roucheria columbiana Hallier f. Linaceae Peru, [166, 191]
Rudgea cornifolia (Kunth) Standl. Rubiaceae Colombia, [145, 158]
Rudgea panurensis Müll.Arg. Rubiaceae Peru, [134]
Ruellia hygrophila Mart. Acanthaceae Argentina, [180]
Rumex crispus L.* Polygonaceae Colombia, [192]
Rumex obtusifolius L.* Polygonaceae Colombia, [192]
Rustia formosa (Cham. & Schltdl. ex DC.) Klotzsch Rubiaceae Brazil, [50]
Ruta graveolens L.* Rutaceae Brazil, [144]
Sabicea amazonensis Wernham Rubiaceae Brazil, [118]
Sabicea villosa Willd. ex Schult. Rubiaceae Colombia, [177]; Peru, [166]; Venezuela, [195]
Saccharum officinarum L.* Poaceae Peru, [168]
Sageretia elegans (Kunth) Brongn. Rhamnaceae Guatemala, [134]
Sagotia brachysepala (Müll. Arg.) Secco Euphorbiaceae Brazil, [118]
Sagotia sp. ø Euphorbiaceae Brazil, [132]
Salix chilensis Molena Salicaceae Colombia, [10]; Peru, [36, 37, 57]
Salix sp. Salicaceae Ecuador, [134]
Salvia lavanduloides Kunth Lamiaceae Guatemala, [5]
Salvia shannonii Donn. Sm. Lamiaceae El Salvador, [138]; Honduras, [115]
Salvia tubiflora Sm. Lamiaceae Peru, [134]
Sambucus australis Cham. & Schltdl. Adoxaceae Brazil, [170]
Sambucus canadensis L. Adoxaceae Nicaragua, [77]; Peru, [120]
Sambucus nigra L. Adoxaceae Colombia, [26, 85]
Sambucus peruviana Kunth Adoxaceae Peru, [37]
Schizocalyx cuspidatus (A. St.-Hil.) Kainul. & B. Bremer Rubiaceae Brazil, [28, 50, 137]
Schkuhria pinnata (Lam.) Kuntze ex Thell. Asteraceae Bolivia, [5, 134]
Schnella guianensis (Aubl.) Wunderlin Fabaceae Brazil, [132, 194]; Venezuela, [195]
Schnella kunthiana (Vogel) Wunderlin Fabaceae Guianas, [61]
Schnella scala-simiae (Sandwith) Trethowan & R.Clark Fabaceae Guianas, [61]
Schnella splendens (Kunth) Benth. Fabaceae Brazil, [99, 118, 184, 185, 186]
Schultesia guianensis (Aubl.) Malme Gentianaceae Honduras, [115]
Sciadotenia toxifera Krukoff & A.C. Sm. Menispermaceae Peru, [134]
Scleria cyperina Willd. ex Kunth Cyperaceae Brazil, [51]
Scleria gaertneri Raddi Cyperaceae Brazil, [51, 102]
Scleria hirtella Sw. Cyperaceae Colombia, [85]
Scoparia dulcis L. Plantaginaceae Brazil, [51, 102, 131, 162]; Colombia, [26, 81, 85]; Guianas, [61]; Peru, [168]; Venezuela, [40]
Selaginella pallescens (C. Presl) Spring Selaginellaceae Guatemala, [138]
Selaginella sp. Selaginellaceae Brazil, [185]
Senna alata (L.) Roxb. Fabaceae Bolivia, [94]; Brazil, [51]; Colombia, [26, 142]; Guatemala, [86]; Guianas, [138, 196]; Paraguay, [88]; Venezuela, [134, 142]
Senna dariensis (Britton & Rose) H.S. Irwin & Barneby Fabaceae Colombia, [26]
Senna obtusifolia (L.) H.S. Irwin & Barneby Fabaceae Brazil, [131]; Venezuela, [134]
Senna occidentalis (L.) Link Fabaceae Brazil, [35, 51, 63, 65, 102, 105, 127, 128, 131, 137, 142, 144, 147, 154, 161, 162, 170, 172, 184, 185, 193, 194]; Colombia, [81]; Nicaragua, [44]; Paraguay, [134, 88]; Venezuela, [40, 151]
Senna quinquangulata (Rich.) H.S. Irwin & Barneby Fabaceae Brazil, [137]
Senna reticulata (Willd.) H.S. Irwin & Barneby Fabaceae Brazil, [154]; Guianas, [196]; Peru, [2, 11, 120, 134, 168]
Senna sp. øø Fabaceae Brazil, [78, 132]
Senna spinescens (Vogel) H.S.Irwin & Barneby Fabaceae Colombia, [158]
Senna obtusifolia (L.) H.S. Irwin & Barneby Fabaceae Venezuela, [142]
Sesamum indicum L.* Pedaliaceae Brazil, [144]
Sida acuta Burm.f. Malvaceae Colombia, [134, 192]
Sida rhombifolia L. Malvaceae Brazil, [170]; Colombia, [26, 134]
Sigesbeckia sp. Asteraceae Peru, [169]
Simaba sp. Simaroubaceae Brazil, [96]
Simarouba amara Aubl. Simaroubaceae Bolivia, [199]; Brazil, [28, 128]; Colombia, [49, 192]; Guatemala, [155]; Guianas, [91]; Peru, [149, 191]; Unknown, [90]
Simira rubescens (Benth.) Bremek. ex Steyerm. Rubiaceae Venezuela, [134]
Sinapis arvensis L.* Brassicaceae Colombia, [192]
Siparuna cascada S.S.Renner & Hausner Siparunaceae Ecuador, [134]
Siparuna guianensis Aubl. Siparunaceae Bolivia, [199]; Brazil, [105, 131, 162]; Colombia, [134, 178]; Guianas, [23, 61, 196]
Siparuna muricata (Ruiz & Pav.) A. DC. Siparunaceae Peru, [37]
Siparuna poeppigii (Tul.) A. DC. Siparunaceae Guianas, [196]
Siparuna sp. Siparunaceae Brazil, [64]; Peru, [143]
Siparuna thecaphora (Poepp. & Endl.) A.DC. Siparunaceae Ecuador, [134]
Sloanea schomburgkii Spruce ex Benth. Elaeocarpaceae Peru, [191]
Sloanea sp. Elaeocarpaceae Ecuador, [134]
Smilax sp. Smilacaceae Colombia, [26]; Guatemala, [76]
Socratea exorrhiza (Mart.) H. Wendl. Arecaceae Brazil, [185, 198]
Sohnreyia excelsa K.Krause Rutaceae Brazil, [100, 102, 78]
Solanum americanum Mill. Solanaceae Colombia, [26]; Guianas, [61]; Peru, [149]
Solanum betaceum Cav. Solanaceae Bolivia, [199]
Solanum cf. schlechtendalianum Walp. Solanaceae Guianas, [61]
Solanum crinitum Lam. Solanaceae Brazil, [102, 118, 132]; Guianas, [61]
Solanum grandiflorum Ruiz & Pav. Solanaceae Brazil, [189]
Solanum insidiosum Mart. Solanaceae Brazil, [137]
Solanum jamaicense Mill. Solanaceae Colombia, [26, 134]
Solanum leucocarpon Dunal Solanaceae Guianas, [61, 196]
Solanum lycocarpum A. St.-Hil. Solanaceae Brazil, [161]
Solanum nudum Dunal Solanaceae Colombia, [6, 26, 134]
Solanum paludosum Moric. Solanaceae Guianas, [61]; Venezuela, [138]
Solanum paniculatum L. Solanaceae Brazil, [34, 127, 132, 137]
Solanum pendulum Ruiz & Pav. Solanaceae Peru, [143]
Solanum pseudoquina A. St.-Hil. Solanaceae Brazil, [50]
Solanum sp. Solanaceae Brazil, [132, 186]; Peru, [123, 134, 143]; Venezuela, [40]
Solanum splendens (Dunal) Bohs Solanaceae Ecuador, [134]
Solanum stramoniifolium Jacq. Solanaceae Brazil, [102, 184, 185, 98]; Guianas, [61, 134]
Solanum subinerme Jacq. Solanaceae Guianas, [61]
Solanum nitidum Ruiz & Pav. Solanaceae Bolivia, [74]
Solenandra mexicana (A.Gray) Borhidi Rubiaceae El Salvador, [134]; Guatemala, [134, 138]
Sparattanthelium acreanum Pilg. Hernandiaceae Colombia, [134]
Sparattanthelium amazonum Mart. Hernandiaceae Colombia, [26]; Nicaragua, [134]; Unknown, [90]
Sparattanthelium glabrum Rusby Hernandiaceae Ecuador, [134]
Sparattanthelium sp. ø Hernandiaceae Brazil, [132]
Spermacoce ocymoides Burm.f. Rubiaceae Colombia, [177]; Honduras, [134]
Spiranthera odoratissima A. St.-Hil. Rutaceae Brazil, [161]
Spondias mombin L. Anacardiaceae Brazil, [34, 65, 102, 131]; Peru, [168]; Venezuela, [40]
Spondias sp. Anacardiaceae Colombia, [192]
Stachytarpheta cayennensis (Rich.) Vahl Verbenaceae Bolivia, [199]; Brazil, [7, 51, 78, 105, 131, 59, 184, 185]; Caribbean, [138]; Colombia, [26]; Guatemala, [48, 138]; Guianas, [61]; Mexico, [138]; Peru, [120, 134, 143]
Stachytarpheta indica (L.) Vahl Verbenaceae Brazil, [137]
Stachytarpheta jamaicensis (L.) Vahl Verbenaceae Caribbean, [138]; Mexico, [138]; Panama, [138]
Stachytarpheta straminea Moldenke Verbenaceae Peru, [168]
Stemodia suffruticosa Kunth Plantaginaceae Peru, [134]
Stenostomum acreanum (K.Krause) Achille & Delprete Rubiaceae Brazil, [75, 105, 134, 142]
Sterculia apetala (Jacq.) H. Karst. Malvaceae Guatemala, [86, 134, 138]; Panama, [69]; Unknown, [90]
Stigmaphyllon convolvulifolium A. Juss. Malpighiaceae Guianas, [91]
Stigmaphyllon sinuatum (DC.) A. Juss. Malpighiaceae Guianas, [61, 91]
Stigmaphyllon sp. Malpighiaceae Brazil, [102]
Struthanthus orbicularis (Kunth) Eichler Loranthaceae Nicaragua, [22, 134]
Strychnos brasiliensis (Spreng.) Mart. Loganiaceae Brazil, [59]
Strychnos croatii Krukoff & Barneby Loganiaceae Panama, [134]
Strychnos fendleri Sprague & Sandwith Loganiaceae Venezuela, [6, 134]
Strychnos panamensis Seem. Loganiaceae Guatemala, [155]
Strychnos pseudoquina A. St.-Hil. Loganiaceae Brazil, [190, 28, 50, 105, 137, 142, 161, 109]
Strychnos sp. ø Loganiaceae Brazil, [132]
Strychnos trinervis (Vell.) Mart. Loganiaceae Brazil, [137, 101]
Swartzia argentea Spruce ex Benth. Fabaceae Brazil, [118]
Swartzia cubensis (Britton & P. Wilson) Standl. Fabaceae Belize, [18]
Swartzia picta Spruce ex Benth. Fabaceae Brazil, [118]
Swartzia polyphylla DC. Fabaceae Peru, [134]
Swartzia simplex (Sw.) Spreng Fabaceae Peru, [191]
Swartzia sp. Fabaceae Brazil, [118]; Guianas, [61]
Swertia chirayita (Roxb.) H.Karst. * Asteraceae Colombia, [119]
Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels* Myrtaceae Brazil, [102, 132]
Tabebuia aurea (Silva Manso) Benth. & Hook. f. ex S. Moore Bignoniaceae Bolivia, [94]; Brazil, [170]; Paraguay, [88]
Tabebuia heterophylla (DC.) Britton Bignoniaceae Guatemala, [155]
Tabebuia insignis (Miq.) Sandwith Bignoniaceae Guianas, [61]
Tabebuia rosea (Bertol.) Bertero ex A.DC. Bignoniaceae Guatemala, [82, 141]; Honduras, [115]
Tabebuia sp. ø Bignoniaceae Brazil, [75, 132]
Tabernaemontana donnell-smithii Rose Apocynaceae Guatemala, [134]
Tabernaemontana linkii A.DC. Apocynaceae Bolivia, [199]
Tabernaemontana sananho Ruiz & Pav. Apocynaceae Peru, [134]
Tabernaemontana siphilitica (L.f.) Leeuwenb. Apocynaceae Guianas, [61]
Tabernaemontana sp. Apocynaceae Peru, [123, 169]
Tachia grandiflora Maguire & Weaver Gentianaceae Brazil, [118]
Tachia guianensis Aubl. Gentianaceae Brazil, [28, 34, 35]
Tagetes erecta L. Asteraceae Peru, [149, 168]
Tagetes filifolia Lag. Asteraceae Colombia, [85]
Tagetes lucida Cav. Asteraceae Mexico, [138]
Tamarindus indica L.* Fabaceae Colombia, [81]; Guianas, [61]
Tanacetum parthenium (L.) Sch. Bip.* Asteraceae Brazil, [52]; Colombia, [192]
Tanacetum vulgare L.* Asteraceae Brazil, [154]
Tanaecium tetragonolobum (Jacq.) L.G.Lohmann Bignoniaceae Bolivia, [199]
Tapirira guianensis Aubl. Anacardiaceae Bolivia, [199]
Tapura peruviana K.Krause Dichapetalaceae Ecuador, [134]
Taraxacum campylodes G.E.Haglund* Asteraceae Colombia, [165]; Peru, [135]; Venezuela, [40]
Telitoxicum sp. Menispermaceae Guianas, [61]
Terminalia catappa L.* Combretaceae Brazil, [132]
Terminalia sp. ø Combretaceae Brazil, [132]
Tessaria integrifolia Ruiz & Pav. Asteraceae Bolivia, [134]
Tetracera portobellensis Beurl. Dilleniaceae Colombia, [119]
Tetracera sp. Dilleniaceae Colombia, [49]
Tetrapterys discolor (G. Mey.) DC. Malpighiaceae Guianas, [91]
Teucrium cubense Jacq. Lamiaceae Caribbean, [138]; Cuba, [138]
Thaumatophyllum solimoesense (A.C.Sm.) Sakur., Calazans & Mayo Araceae Brazil, [78]
Thaumatophyllum spruceanum Schott. Araceae Brazil, [78]
Thelypteris sp. Thelypteridaceae Peru, [143]
Theobroma bicolor Humb. & Bonpl. Malvaceae Peru, [168]
Theobroma speciosum Willd. ex Spreng. Malvaceae Bolivia, [199]
Theobroma subincanum Mart. Malvaceae Ecuador, [134]
Tinospora crispa (L.) Hook. f. & Thomson* Menispermaceae Guianas, [23, 61, 91, 181, 196]
Tithonia diversifolia (Hemsl.) A. Gray Asteraceae Guatemala, [138]
Tithonia rotundifolia (Mill.) S.F. Blake Asteraceae Colombia, [81]
Toulicia guianensis Aubl. Sapindaceae Guianas, [61]
Touroulia guianensis Aubl. Quiinaceae Brazil, [186]
Tovomita cf. spruceana Planch. & Triana Clusiaceae Colombia, [158]
Tribulus cistoides L.* Zygophyllaceae Caribbean, [138]
Trichanthera gigantea (Humb. & Bonpl.) Nees Acanthaceae Colombia, [26]; Venezuela, [138]
Trichilia cipo (A. Juss.) C. DC. Meliaceae Colombia, [177]
Trichilia havanensis Jacq. Meliaceae Guatemala, [6]
Trichilia hirta L. Meliaceae Brazil, [137]
Trichilia sp. Meliaceae Guianas, [61]
Trigonia killipii J.F. Macbr. Trigoniaceae Bolivia, [199]
Triplaris americana L. Polygonaceae Bolivia, [199]; Peru, [71, 173]
Triplaris poeppigiana Wedd. Polygonaceae Peru, [143, 149]
Triplaris weigeltiana (Rchb.) Kuntze Polygonaceae Peru, [15, 120]
Trixis cacalioides (Kunth) D.Don Asteraceae Peru, [37]
Turnera diffusa Willd. ex Schult. Passifloraceae Brazil, [137]; Mexico, [138]
Turnera ulmifolia L. Passifloraceae Colombia, [10]
Uncaria guianensis (Aubl.) J.F. Gmel. Rubiaceae Brazil, [75, 144]; Colombia, [134]; Peru, [120, 143, 168, 149]
Uncaria tomentosa (Willd. ex Schult.) DC. Rubiaceae Peru, [150]
Unonopsis floribunda Diels Annonaceae Peru, [120]
Unonopsis guatterioides (A. DC.) R.E. Fr. Annonaceae Guianas, [91]
Unonopsis spectabilis Diels Annonaceae Peru, [66]
Unxia camphorata L.f. Asteraceae Brazil, [118, 185]
Urceolina amazonica (Linden ex Planch.) Christenh. & Byng Amaryllidaceae Ecuador, [134]
Urera baccifera (L.) Gaudich. ex Wedd. Urticaceae Bolivia, [199]; Colombia, [26]; Ecuador, [84]; Peru, [66, 134]
Urera laciniata Wedd. Urticaceae Peru, [42]
Urera sp. Urticaceae Brazil, [110]
Urochloa mutica (Forssk.) T.Q.Nguyen Poaceae Colombia, [134]
Urochloa sp. Poaceae Colombia, [26]
Urtica dioica L.* Urticaceae Colombia, [119]
Vachellia farnesiana (L.) Wight & Arn. Fabaceae Colombia, [150]
Vachellia macracantha (Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd.) Seigler & Ebinger Fabaceae Colombia, [49]
Vallesia glabra (Cav.) Link Apocynaceae Bolivia, [134]
Varronia curassavica Jacq. Boraginaceae Caribbean, [16]
Varronia schomburgkii (A.DC.) Borhidi Boraginaceae Guianas, [134]
Varronia spinescens (L.) Borhidi Boraginaceae Colombia, [81]
Vassobia breviflora (Sendtn.) Hunz. Solanaceae Paraguay, [88]
Vatairea macrocarpa (Benth.) Ducke Fabaceae Brazil, [161]
Verbena carolina L. Verbenaceae Mexico, [134]
Verbena litoralis Kunth Verbenaceae Colombia, [26, 138]; Ecuador, [134]; Guatemala, [138]; Mexico, [134, 138]; Peru, [31, 120, 134, 138, 149, 168, 173, 42]; Venezuela, [40]
Verbena sp. Verbenaceae Brazil, [98]; Ecuador, [134]; Peru, [129]
Verbesina gigantea Jacq. Asteraceae Belize, [18]
Vernonanthura brasiliana (L.) H. Rob. Asteraceae Venezuela, [62]
Vernonanthura patens (Kunth) H.Rob. Asteraceae Colombia, [26, 134]
Vernonia sp. Asteraceae Venezuela, [40]
Virola calophylla (Spruce) Warb. Myristicaceae Brazil, [105, 153]; Peru, [149, 166, 191]; Unknown, [90]
Virola carinata (Spruce ex Benth.) Warb. Myristicaceae Colombia, [177]
Virola decorticans Ducke Myristicaceae Colombia, [158]
Virola sebifera Aubl. Myristicaceae Venezuela, [134]
Virola sp. ø Myristicaceae Brazil, [132]
Virola surinamensis (Rol. ex Rottb.) Warb. Myristicaceae Brazil, [125]; Guianas, [61]
Vismia guianensis (Aubl.) Pers. Hypericaceae Peru, [169]
Vismia macrophylla Kunth Hypericaceae Bolivia, [199]
Vismia sessilifolia (Aubl.) Choisy Hypericaceae Peru, [169]
Vitex gaumeri Greenm. Lamiaceae Belize, [18]
Vouacapoua americana Aubl. Fabaceae Guianas, [61]
Watsonia sp. * Iridaceae Colombia, [85]
Witheringia solanacea L'Hér. Solanaceae Costa Rica, [134]; Ecuador, [134]
Xanthium spinosum L. Asteraceae Colombia, [119]
Xestaea lisianthoides Griseb. Gentianaceae Brazil, [5]; El Salvador, [69, 134]
Xylophragma platyphyllum (DC.) L.G.Lohmann Bignoniaceae Bolivia, [199]
Xylopia brasiliensis Spreng. Annonaceae Brazil, [28]
Xylopia sp. Annonaceae Colombia, [85]
Zanthoxylum coco Gillies ex Hook. f. & Arn. Rutaceae Bolivia, [134]
Zanthoxylum pentandrum (Aubl.) R.A. Howard Rutaceae Guianas, [61, 91, 92, 95]
Zanthoxylum rhoifolium Lam. Rutaceae Guianas, [23, 61, 91, 95, 196]; Unknown, [90]
Zingiber officinale Roscoe* Zingiberaceae Caribbean, [138]; Guianas, [61]; Peru, [120]
Zinnia peruviana (L.) L. Asteraceae Argentina, [87]
Zornia myriadena Benth. Fabaceae Central America, [113]
Zygia cataractae (Kunth) L. Rico Fabaceae Peru, [134]; Unknown, [90]
Zygia latifolia (L.) Fawc. & Rendle Fabaceae Peru, [134, 166]
Zygia longifolia (Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd.) Britton & Rose Fabaceae Ecuador, [177]; Peru, [134]
Zygia sp. Fabaceae Peru, [134]
* = Introduced to Latin America
Ø = Identified species (unpublished), from Roraima, Brazil [132]. Specimens are maintained in the Herbarium at the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
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