Malaria Parasite Metabolic Pathways
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Aminosugars metabolism
Arginine and proline metabolism
Asparagine and Aspartate metabolism
Glutamate metabolism
glutamine metabolism
Glycine and Serine metabolism
Involvement of pfaat1 haplotypes in CQ resistance
Leucine, Isoleucine and Valine metabolism
Lysine metabolism
Methionine and Polyamine metabolism
Models for selenocysteine incorporation
Nitrogen metabolism
Parasite response to AA depletion
PfPKG-dependent phosphorylation in schizonts
Phenylalanine and Tyrosine metabolism
Selenocysteine biosynthesis
All glycans with a role in Plasmodium infection
Aminosugars metabolism
Biochemistry of red cell aging in vivo and storage lesions
Central Carbon Metabolism
Changes in metabolite production and consumption in the red cell metabolic network
Changes in metabolite production and consumption in the red cell metabolic network, continued
DHHC-containing proteins
Enzymes involved in vthe metabolism of various sugar derivatives
Fumarate metabolism
Glycans in parasites cell cycle
Glycolysis
Glyoxalase metabolism
Mannose and Fructose metabolism
Metabolic alterations in the erythrocyte during blood-stage development of the malaria parasite
Metabolic pathways perturbed in the host during acute malaria
N-glycans biosynthesis
Pentose Phosphate Cycle
Polar metabolites pool size
Pyruvate metabolism
Structure of GPIs of the blood-stage
Subunit composition of the yeast OST (oligosaccharyltransferase) complex
Sugar nucleotide biosynthesis pathways
Apicoplast FeS assembly
CoA biosynthesis
Compartmentalization of porphyrin biosynthesis
Flavin-dependent and - containing enzymes
Folate biosynthesis
Isoprenoid biosynthesis new
Nicotinate and nicotinamide metabolism
One-carbon enzyme systems serine hydroxymethyltransferase and glycine-cleavage complex
Plasmodium Iron-Sulfur [Fe-S] cluster assembly protein Dre2 MAL8P1.31
Porphyrin metabolism
Pyridoxal phosphate (Vitamin B6) metabolism
Riboflavin metabolism and Flavin-containing proteins
Shikimate biosynthesis
Thiamine metabolism
Ubiquinone metabolism
a-Linolenic acid (ALA) pathway
Cholesterol binding proteins
Cholesterol pathways in host and parasite
Cholesterol sorting in iRBC
Contribution of precursors to the biosynthesis of major phospholipid types
Dolichol metabolism
Domain structures of the putative lipolytic enzymes
Dynamics of phospholipid asymmetry and cholesterol uptake upon parasite infection
Enzymes involved in glycerophospholipid synthesis
ER protein VAP establish membrane contact sites
Fatty acid synthesis in the apicoplast
Fatty acids elongation in the endoplasmic reticulum
Glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchor biosynthesis
Imaging lipids in infected cells
Inositol Phosphate metabolism
Isoprenoids metabolism
Lipid composition of RBC, trophozoites and gametes
Lipid pool size
Lipid post-translational modifications
Lipids in infected vs uninfected RBCs
Lipolytic enzymes
LysoPC depletion induces gene activity
Malonyl transferase reaction in acyl carrier protein
Membranes and compartments of phospholipid synthesis
Metabolism of phosphatidylinositol
Metabolism of reactive lipid aldehydes via detoxification or carbonylation
Model for cholesterol gradient development in the pRBC
Model for metabolic compartmentalization of PI biosynthesis
Model of lipid and protein uptake into the erythrocyte DIV and the malarial vacuole
O-fucosylation and C-mannosylation on TSR repeats
Phosphatidylcholine metabolism
Phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylserine metabolism
PLCd1 PH domain; pleckstrin homology (PH) domains of PLCd1 from the plasma membranes
Regulation of periodic apicoplast gene expression
Sphingomyelin and ceramide metabolism
Sterol transport and phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate transfer between endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi membranes
Subcellular distribution of phosphoinositides
Terpenoid metabolism
Total fatty acids in RBC and iRBC
Utilization of phospholipids
Purine metabolism
Pyrimidine metabolism
ApiAP2 transcription factor PfAP2-HS drives activation of essential heat-shock responses
Cellular responses to endoplasmic reticulum stress
Chaperone-assisted protein folding
Chaperones associate with proteins in various iRBC locations
Chaperonin containing TCP-1 complex
Characteristic features of Hsp70s
Cold shock protein
Genes coding for chaperones and their regulators
Genes up and down regulated in response to ER stress
Hsp70 machinery interacts with J-domains
Hsp90-associated multiprotein complex (R2TP-Hsp90 complex)
HSP90-R2TP complex (yeast)
Interactions of HDAC1 with other proteins
Localization and function of some Hsp40s and Hsp70s
Location and function of the six HSP70s in infected erythrocytes
Model of eEF2 Activation by Hgh1, Cns1, and Hsp90
Non-redundant malarial structures in the Protein Data Bank (PDB)
Organization of chaperone pathways in the cytosol
Plasmodium falciparum R2TP complex
Proteins interacting with DnaJ proteins
The chaperone cycle of Hsp90
The general ATPase cycle of HSP70
The HSP70 chaperone cycle
A Model for Hrd1-Mediated Retrotranslocation in ERAD
Activation of eiF5A
Effect of hyperoxia on gene expression
Genes coding for GPI-anchored membrane proteins
Important interacting proteins
Iron-containing proteins
Network analysis of drCDC-UNK proteins and their potential protein interactions
O-GlcNAcylated proteins identified by mass spectrometry
Possible paths for apoptosis
Post-translational modification of elongation factor 2
Predicted GPI-anchored proteins
Programmed cell death pathway
Protein glycation by methylglyoxal, and deglycation by DJ-1
Protein-protein associations involving proteases
Proteins associated with detergent-resistant membrane (DRM)
Proteins of detergent-resistant membranes
Proteins with ATPase activity
S-Glutathionylated proteins
S-nitrosylated proteins
Total palmitome of Plasmodium falciparum
14-3-3 protein
a-acetylated N-termini of parasite proteins
Arginine-methylated proteins
Calcium – calmodulin activation of protein kinases
Carbonylated proteins at erythrocytic stages
Cotranslational cleavage of N-terminal methionine residues and N-terminal acetylation
Eukaryotic fMet/N-End Rule Pathway
Interactome of the Ser/Thr Protein Phosphatase type 1
Kinases and their inhibitors
Lysine 2-hydroxyisobutyrylation and crotonylation
Lysine acetylated proteins
Lysine Methylation Regulators
Methyl lysine binding modules readers
Modification of proteins by adenylylation and ADP-ribosylation
Myristoylated proteins
N-myristoylation, S-palmitoylation and prenylation of proteins
Palmitoylation–depalmitoylation cycle in eukaryotic cells
Peptidases and proteases
Peptides with confirmed methylated lysine residues
Phosphatome - Phosphatases of Plasmodium falciparum
Phosphopoteome - Wu et al, 2009
Phosphoproteome
Phosphoproteome of the merozoite
Post-translational modifications - 2- hydroxyisobutyrylation, acetylation and crotonylation
Potential Farnesylated proteins
Potential PKG substrates in schizonts
Prenylated proteins
Protein acetylation and lysine aminoacylation
Protein arginine methylation
Protein kinase coding genes
Protein kinase G-dependent phosphorylation in schizonts
Protein nitrosylation and denitrosylation
Protein N-terminal acetylation
Protein phosphorylation
Protein-lysine methylation and demethylation
Proteins with conserved phosphatase related superfamily domains
Redox-based regulation of S-nitrosylation by Trx1
Schematic representations of protein S-acyl transferases and their salient protein features
Sulfenylated proteins identified by mass spectrometry
Anaphase promoting complex ubiquitin-ligase
Autophagy and autophagy-related pathways
Cdc48 is the driving force in the targeting of the ER-substrates to the 26S-proteasome
Crosstalk between ubiquitination and SUMOylation
CUL3 ubiquitin ligase is regulated by a calcium-dependent co-adaptor
Enhanced protein degradation by branched ubiquitin chains
General roles of deubiquitinases
Genes coding for components of the proteasome degradation machinery & their timed transcription
Genes encoding ubiquitin-related reactions
Mechanism of ubiquitin transfer
Model for ubiquitin-mediated regulation of Ras
Model of the Ube2w/CHIP/Ataxin-3 Ubiquitination Cycle
Models for ubiquitin (Ub) chain amputation and trimming in regulating proteasomal degradation
Plasmodium ubiquitin-protein conjugates
Post-translational modification –SUMOylation
Proteasome-mediated degradation of non-native ER proteins
Proteasome-mediated proteolysis of ubiquinated proteins
Putative SUMO substrates
SCF (Skp1-Cullin-F-box) ubiquitin-ligase
The ATG autophagic pathway
The Atg8 and Atg12 ubiquitin-like conjugation systems
The neddylation pathway
The ubiquitylation machineries of the ER for misfolded secretory proteins
Transfer of polyubiquinated proteins to the 26S proteasome
4-hydroxynonenal-modified proteins
Compartmentation of redox metabolism
Glutathione metabolism
Interactome of cytosolic 2-Cys peroxiredoxin
Lipoic acid metabolism
Mitochondrial antioxidant system
Oxidative protein folding in the endoplasmic reticulum
Proteins targeted by the thioredoxin superfamily enzymes
Reactions and transformations of the superoxide anion
Redox Metabolism
Role of heme oxygenase 1 in malaria
Sulfenic and sulfinic acid redox cycles
The diverse antioxidant defense and redox systems in P. falciparum
The ferredoxin redox system
Thioredoxin, Glutaredoxin and Peroxiredoxin
Adhesion properties that have been mapped to different PfEMP1
Characteristics of Plasmodium falciparum export proteins that remodel infected erythrocyte
Constitutive and inducible receptors
Cytoadherence events in the vascular system
Different types of rosette and the key players involved in rosette formation
Host erythrocyte receptors for rosetting
Interactions between modified host cell membrane and endothelial cell
Molecular aspects of rosette formation
PfEMP1 domain architectures
PfEMP1 presentation on knobs on the IE surface
PfEMP1-endothelial receptor interactions mediate microvascular bed–specific sequestration of P. falciparum infected erythrocytes (Ies)
Rosette formation between normal and infected RBC
The organization of KAHRP
Type II rosetting
var genes and PfEMP1 structure
Assembly of a signaling complex during RBC invasion
cGMP/PKG signalling in egress/invasion
Domains of merozoite surface proteins
Erythrocyte glycophorins as receptors for Plasmodium merozoites
Extracellular vesicles prime uRBCs to enhance parasite invasion
Functional annotation of merozoite invasion-related proteins
Functional characterization of prefoldin subunits
Merozoite components involved in attachment and initiation of penetration
Merozoite ligands, their erythrocyte receptors
Merozoite protein complexes
Model for assembly of a signaling complex during RBC invasion
Model for merozoite invasion
Model of lipid and protein uptake into the parasitophorous vacuole
Modes of action of perforin-like proteins
Morphology of the merozoite
MSP1 as an anchor in merozoite invasion
MSPDBL and MSP1 mediate merozoite invasion
Parasite genes important for egress
Parasite invasion ligands and human erythrocyte receptors
Pellicle formation in the merozoite
Program of malaria parasite egress
Protein-Protein Interactions between Human Erythrocytes and Plasmodium falciparum
Proteins released from infected cells during rupture
Proteolytic processing of the MSP1/6/7 complex
Regulation microneme secretion and invasion
RhopH synthesis and trafficking
RhopH synthesis and trafficking.
Rhoptry discharge
Rhoptry fusion and antigen secretion
Rhoptry neck and bulb proteins during and after invasion
Rhoptry transition during invasion
Role of the PfRh5/PfRipr/CyRPA Complex during Invasion of Erythrocytes
Roles of rhoptry neck proteins during invasion
Schematic depiction of parasite invasion and egress
Stages of parasite egress program
Steps of merozoite invasion
Subcellular localization of proteins involved in invasion
The apical complex and the fusion events required for rhoptry discharge
The apical region of the merozoite
The fibrinolytic system and its roles in host and parasite
Time course of invasion
Actin and filaments
Components of the linear motor responsible for merozoite motility in invasion
Control of microtubule assembly
Control of the mitotic spindle organization by kinesins
Different kinesins with different roles
Events in merozoite egress
IMC (inner membrane complex) proteins
Kinetochore–microtubule attachment and kinetochore oscillations
Merozoite egress
Molecular motor prototypes
Role of perforin 1 in merozoite egress
Tubulin and microtubules
Antimalarial activity of plant metabolites
Anti-malarial compounds derived from African medicinal plants
Antimalarial drugs and associated markers of resistance in asexual blood stage parasites
Antimalarials Active against the Five Gametocyte Stages
Antiplasmodial activities of compounds isolated from terrestrial plants
Antiplasmodial marine natural product
Antiplasmodial Natural Products – A 2019 Update
Antiplasmodials from natural resources 2010-2019
Antiplasmodials with no known or tested target
Approved drugs with anti-malarial activity and their possible targets
Artemisinin - effect of drug on gene transcription
Artemisinin mode of action
Asexual blood stage-specific IC50 8h data in nM for some tested antimalarials
Atovaquone - effect of drug on gene transcription
Calcium homeostasis and therapeutic targets
Chloramphenicol - effect of drug on gene transcription
Chloroquine - effect of drug on gene transcription
Current anti-malarial agents
Differential proteome analysis under drug treatment
Doxycycline - effect of drug on gene transcription
Drug targets
Drug-target associations predicted for P. falciparum
Fast- and slow-acting antimalarials against cultured P. falciparum strains
Forms of delayed death in Apicomplexan parasites
Fungal compounds with antimlarial action
Geldanamycin - effect of drug on gene transcription
Gold Standard for Analyzing Malaria Drug Clinical Trials
Inhibition of Apicoplast Housekeeping Functions Leads to Delayed Death
Malaria merozoite invasion of the RBC and its inhibition
Malaria therapies in the context of the Plasmodium parasite lifecycle
Malaria vaccine candidates in clinical development
Marine-derived macrocyclic alkaloids
Mechanism of action of quinoline drugs
Methotrexate - effect of drug on gene transcription
Methyl Methanesulfonate - effect of drug on gene transcription
Mining Sudanese medicinal plants for antiprotozoal agents
Natural Phenolic Compounds as Potential Antimalarial
Natural products with antimalarial activity
New antimalarial drugs in the pipeline
Ozonide antimalarials alkylate heme
Parasite proteins that form complexes with natural products
Peptide–drug conjugates
Plants used to treat malaria in Latin America
Postulated artemisinins’ modes of action
Predicted potential drug targets using the PMH plus metabolic network
Prenylation dependence in delayed-death
Primaquine mode of action
Proguanil - effect of drug on gene transcription
Proposed mechanism of action for ozonide antimalarials
Proposed mechanism of delayed death
Redox-proteome changes induced by chloroquine across the intraerythrocytic stages of P. falciparum Dd2
Reviews on antiplasmodials
Stage of peak activity for clinical and Experimenta antimalarials
Synergy between antimalarial compounds
Synopsis of medicinal plants used in the management of malaria in Kenya
Tafenoquine - effect of drug on gene transcription
The ART proteome
Associated clinical and molecular markers of resistance to antimalarial drugs
Cumulative frequency of kelch13 mutations (A) and haplogroups (B)
dhfr and dhps mutations supporting their role in SP drug resistance and/or treatment failure.
Drug resistance and fitness cost
Emergence and spread of P. falciparum resistance to CQ, pyrimethamine and ART derivatives
Evolution of parasite resistance to antifolates
Gene expression affected by lumefantrine
Genetic polymorphisms in target-genes at and surrounding resistant linked mutations
In vitro resistance to experimental antimalarials
Isocryptolepine - effect of drug on gene transcription
K13-mediated resistance to artemisinins in mutated K13
K13's role in maintaining mitochondrial ETC functions
Kelch13 propeller mutations are correlated with resistance to artemisinin
Mechanism of resistance to artemisinin
Mechanisms of artemisinin activation and resistance
Model of CNV development and selection
Molecular markers of resistance to antimalarial drugs
Molecular mechanisms of drug resistance
Molecular targets of and mechanisms of resistance to major antimalarial drugs
Mutant genotypes associated with high levels of anti-folate resistance
Non-Genetic or Missed Genetic Variation
Parasite resistance to artemisinin
Polymorphisms associated with Plasmodium sensitivity to artemisinins
Reduced Kelch13 activity leads to ART resistance
Resistance mechanisms for clinically important antimalarial drugs
Resistance to experimental antimalarials generated in vitro
Schematic overview of drug resistance mechanisms
Transcriptomic and metabolic alterations in fosmidomycin-treated parasite
Apicomplexa divide by closed mitosis
Cell cycle compartment assocation between P. falciparum cell cycle perturbed transcriptomes
Centriole proteins
Centrosome proteins
Chromatin dynamics controlling temporal regulation of var gene expression
Chromatin-associated protein degradation (CAD) regulated by CDC48–Ufd1–Npl4
Chromosome dynamics in cell cycle that lead to anaphase
Effect of different motors on spindle length
Functional orthologs of known cell cycle proteins in E. coli
Heterochromatin structure of the telomeric and subtelomeric regions
High-resolution display of gene families in the subtelomeric compartment
Kinetochores power chromosome movements in mitosis
Microtubule organization at the centrosome
Nuclear organization in Plasmodium
Nucleosome assembly and regulation
Nucleosome occupancy and gametocyte commitment
Potential models for lncRNA-TARE at chromosome ends
Proteins involved in steps during passage through prophase
Proteins predicted to be involved in cell cycle regulatory network
Putative organization of the kinetochore
Regulation of spindle microtubule dynamics
Schematics of the Apicomplexan cell cycle
Structure and organization of centromeric chromatin
Structure of telomere and sub-telomeric regions
Structure of the mitotic centrosome
Telomerase and some telomerase associated proteins
The Chromatin Bound Proteome
The liver stages
The mitotic spindle of P. falciparum
The nuclear organization of two representative stages of the IDC
The sporozoite journey to the hepatocyte and subsequent liver stage development
Epigenetic mechanisms in Plasmodium
Epigenetic regulation of specific genes and gene families in Plasmodium falciparum
Epigenetics and Epitranscriptomics
cAMP-mediated regulation of NPP activity in gametocytes
Cell fate decision events during sexual differentiation of malaria parasites
Different chromatin states indexing the genome in ring stage parasites and female gametocytes
Early transmission stage development of Plasmodium and putative PTM involvement
Gametocyte development
Gametocyte IMC and plate formation
GEP1/GCa-dependent cGMP signaling pathway
Model for the regulation of commitment and gametocytogenesis
Possible regulators of gene regulation during commitment and gametocytogenesis
Protein export in gametocytes
Proteins released by P. falciparum gametocytes upon induction
Putatively exported proteins in early gametocyte proteome
The signalling pathway involved in gametogenesis
Acetylation recognition by the bromodomain and other modules
ATP-dependent chromatin remodeling complexes
Binding modes of methyllysine readers
Chaperone-mediated modulation of nucleosome-histone interactions
Chromatin-associated proteins
Different mechanisms of “lactylgenesis”
Distinct H3/H4 – histone chaperone complexes are marked by specific H3/H4 posttranslational modifications
Domains binding modified histones
Effects of small metabolites on gene expression
Histone acetylation
Histone chaperones
Histone lysine methylation
Histone modification cross-talk
Histone post-translational modifications landscape
Hypothetical routes to sexual differentiation
Model of reaction schemes showing possible ADP-ribosylation and deacetylation outcomes of the sirtuin reaction
Plasmodium falciparum chromatin landscape
Plasmodium falciparum histone acetylation and methylation
Post-translational modifications identified of histones
Proteins containing histone post translational modification-binding modules
Proteins interacting with histone deacetylase
Regulation of Sexual Commitment
Replication-coupled disassembly and reassembly of nucleosomes
Role of histone exchange in transcription elongation
Structure and organization of centromeric chromatin
Synergism between SWR1, HIRA and FACT in histone variant exchange
A model for global single-strand break (SSB) repair
A model for UbpX function in the regulation of PCNA deubiquitylation
A model of extra-chromosomal DNA generation and maintenance
Base excision repair of AP sites
DNA methylation is mediated by DNA methyltransferases
DNA mismatch repair system
DNA Replication
DNA–protein crosslink repair
Double strand break repair and homologous recombination
Epigenetic switching mechanisms
Genes coding for enzymes/proteins involved in DNA replication
Genes involved in DNA repair
Helicases
Highly Variable Genes
HP1 enrichment values
lncRNA functions
Mechanisms of crosstalk between autophagy and double-strand break repair
Model for translesion DNA synthesis
Multiple Dimensions of Gene Regulation by Long Noncoding RNAs
Nucleotide excision repair
Origin, repair and biological consequences of spontaneous AP sites
P. falciparum genes harboring G-quadruplexes
Predicted protein-protein interactions of plausible stress helicases
Pre-replicative complex formation and transition to replication
Processing or protecting stalled replication forks
Progression of nuclear cycle stages in mononucleated parasites
Roles of RecQ helicases
Single Gene/enzyme deletions predicted to cause impairment of metabolic networks
Alternative splicing
Alternative splicing events confirmed by RNA-Seq
Architecture, Dynamic Formation, and Processing of the 90S Pre-ribosome during Early Ribosome Biogenesis
Assembly and recycling of spliceosome components with respect to Prp8
CCR4 – NOT complex
Cleavage and polyadenylation of pre-mRNA
Compartmentalization of transcription site in the nucleus
Cooperation and competition of splicing factors in regulated splicing
DNA binding proteins with AP2 domain(s)
Exon definition during the earliest stages of spliceosome assembly
Gene gating and mRNA export
Genomic landscape of splicing regulators
Highest expressed genes based on mRNA abundance
lncRNAs operate by different mechanisms
Long regulatory elements
Lsm proteins and RNA processing
m5C levels of transcripts in schizonts and/or gametocyte stages
Maturation and export of 60S and 40S ribosomal subunits
Mechanisms of alternative splicing by splice site selection
Mechanisms of alternative splicing regulation at the transition from exon definition to intron definition
MicroRNA biogenesis and mechanisms of action
miRNAs and lncRNAs in malaria
Model of RNA Pol II biogenesis
Nonsplicing functions of Plasmodium serine-arginine proteins
Nuclear export of tRNA
Pathway for Cytoplasmic 40S maturation
Pathway for Cytoplasmic 60S maturation
Pre-ribosomal particles along the 40S assembly pathway
Pre-ribosomal particles along the 60S assembly pathway
Protein composition of affinity-purified exon and B-like complexes
Protein factors in pre-mRNA 3’-end processing
Regulators of alternative splicing
RNA of unknown function or non coding
RNA polymerase I transcribes rRNA
RNA polymerase II transcribes mRNA
RNA polymerase III transcribes tRNA and 5S rRNA
RNA Structurome
Schematic representation of the spliceosome pathway in yeast
Secondary structure of spliceosomal RNAs
Single-cell transcriptomes
Spliceosome dynamics during the catalytic steps
Splicing of pre-mRNA
SR (Ser–Arg) proteins
Structure and processing of pre rRNA
The different RNA export pathways
The structures of RNA polymerases
Transcription related proteins encoding genes
Transcriptional mediator complex
Transcriptomic changes in HbAS RBC infected cells
Encoded proteins that could be constituents of P-bodies
Histone mRNA degradation
m6A Effectors: Writers, Erasers, and Readers
Mechanisms controlling RBP binding
Modification of the wobble position uridine (U34) in Lys, Glu, Gln, Leu and Arg tRNAs
Modified ribonucleosides in tRNA hydrolysates
mRNA 5' capping
mRNA degradation
mRNA-binding proteins in trophozoite and schizonts
Potential roles of tRNA modifications in asexual blood stage development
Quality control in mRNA biogenesis
Recruitment of the exosome to mRNA substrates
Regulated splicing through controlling the assembly of the core splicing machinery
RNA Channeling in the Exosome-Ski Assembly during mRNA degradation
RNA Degradation Factors
RNA exosome-mediated ns-ncRNAs degradation
RNA-binding proteins
Schematic depiction of pseudouridylation
Splicing and non-sense-mediated decay factors
Transcription associated proteins implicated in the transcriptional machinery
tRNA modifications
tRNA thiolation
tRNA-wybutosine biosynthesis
Various features of C/D and H/ACA snoRNAs
Assisted assembly of Sm-class snRNPs
Maturation of snRNAs requires nuclear and cytoplasmic regulatory steps
Nonprotein-coding transcriptome
Putative regulatory functions of nascent ncRNAs
Transcription and processing of snRNAs
U5 snRNP biogenesis
U6 snRNP role in pre-mRNA splicing
80S ribosomes
Assembly factors and their roles in quality control during ribosome maturation
Co-inhibition of S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase/ornithine decarboxylase effect on gene expression
Components of Cytoplasmic Translation
Copy number variation (CNV) genes
Co-translational capturing of selected ribosomal proteins by their dedicated chaperones
eIF5A Functions globally in translation elongation and termination
ER Sec61 translocon
ERAD pathway in yeast
Essential genes of parasitic apicomplexa - P. falciparum
Essential metabolic genes
Essential, Non-mutable genes
Gametocyte proteomics
Genes coding for components involved in ribosome assembly
Genes whose expression is highly positively or negatively correlated with pfcrt or pfmdr1
Initiation of translation
Involvement of GTP-binding proteins and ribosomes in amino acid shortage
Localization of aminoacyl-tRNA ligases in the three protein translational compartments
N-end rule is highly regulated protein degradation pathway
P. falciparum proteins with no orthologs in H. sapiens
PfWDR genes
Posttranslational translocation in eukaryotes
Protein biosynthesis
Repetitive sequences in P. falciparum proteins
Ribosomal structure
Ribosome recycling and mRNA surveillance
Ribosome-associated protein quality control
Signal recognition particle-mediated targeting of membrane and secretory proteins
Signifcantly altered metabolic genes in response to hypoxanthine deprivation
SRP independent translocation of GPI anchored proteins
SRP-mediated targeting of membrane and secretory proteins – functional cycle
The 35 most abundant proteins
The molecular machinery of translational regulation
The structure of translation initiation factor 3
Transcripts translationally regulated in asexual blood stages
uORF-mediated translational regulation in the asexual stage
WD40 proteins as platforms of protein-protein interactions
Working model for recognition of a stalled ribosome by recycling factors
Zinc-finger motifs and proteins
Zinc-finger proteins
Acute neutrophil responses in malaria
Antibodies participate in the clearance of P. falciparum-infected red blood cells
Antibody-mediated immunity to malaria
Anti-parasite immunity
Autoimmune Anemia in Malaria
B cell responses and the induction of humoral immunity
B cell subsets and CD4 follicular helper T cell interactions during infection
cGAS-STING Pathway Activation and Regulation during Plasmodium Infection
Clinical and Immunological Aspects in Cerebral Malaria
Contributions of natural killer cells to the immune response against Plasmodium
Dendritic cells and T cells during blood-stage infections
Dendritic cells link innate and adaptive arms of the immune system
Gamma-Delta T cells immunity during blood stage infections
Heterogeneity in immune responses in the controlled human malaria infection
Host immune responses associated with protection against blood stage parasites
Host responses to the parasite and immune regulation
Immune modulation by gut microbiota during infection
Immune responses elicited by Plasmodium infection
Immunomodulatory effects of hemozoin
Infected erythrocytes, IgG antibodies, and IgG effector function
Innate sensors of Plasmodium PAMPs and malaria DAMPs
Links between innate and adaptive immune responses to the blood stage parasite
Localization and phenotype of splenic MF subsets and their role in malaria
Mechanisms by which antibodies participate in the clearance of P. falciparum-infected red blood cells
Natural Killer cell cytotoxicity during blood-stage infections
Neutrophils and Malaria
Pattern recognition receptors and the pathophysiology of malaria
Plasmodium proteins involved in host immune evasion
Potential immunopathological roles of monocytes and macrophages
Proposed Antibody-mediated Mechanisms in Immunity to Blood-Stages
RIFIN-mediated activation of leucocyte LILRB1 receptor
The humoral response to malaria
The immunopathology of cerebral malaria
Tissue- specific, T cell- mediated immune resistance networks during infection
Type I interferons (IFNs) are important immunoregulators during malaria
Models for protein transport to the membrane of P. falciparum-infected erythrocytes
Putative traffic mechanisms in Plasmodium falciparum-infected erythrocytes - II
Putative trafficking pathways in P. falciparum-infected erythrocytes I - Diagrammatic representation
3D reconstruction of a late schizont stage-iRBC
Life cycle of Plasmodium falciparum
Merozoite
Merozoite tomograph
Merozoites in segmenters
Parasite plasma membrane dynamics throughout segmentation
Proteins associated with placental parasites
Ring Stage
Schizont
Schizont stage parasite – EM
Serial block-face scanning electron microscopy of ring and trophozoite stages
The 3D ultrastructure of an infected erythrocyte
The whole 3D schizont
Three-dimensional structured illumination microscopy and immuno-electron microscopy (EM) of infected red blood cells
Trophozoite
Ultrastructural expansion microscopy
Ultrastructural features of a intraerythrocytic Plasmodium falciparum – merozoite and ring
Ultrastructural features of a intraerythrocytic Plasmodium falciparum – trophozoite and schizont
Ultrastructure of the exomembrane system
Ultrastructure of the merozoite
Ultrastructure of the merozoite - EM
Ultrastructure of the ring stage EM
Whole cycle
3D analysis of nuclei in mid and late schizonts
3D Apicoplast and mitochondria morphology throughout segmentation
3D nuclear pores in the malaria parasite
Apical end of a 2n nucleus in early segmentation
Apicoplast division precedes mitochondrial division during schizogony
Apicoplast ultrastructure in Plasmodium falciparum merozoites
Basal complex biogenesis and development throughout segmentation
Centriolar plaque biogenesis and dynamics
Digestive vacuole
Fluorescence visualization of mitochondrion and plastid in a living schizont
Golgi apparatus – development throughout the asexual life cycle
Growth and fission of the mitochondrion
Hemozoin structure
Intranuclear and subpellicular microtubules
Maurer’s clefts
Maurer’s clefts complex morphology
Morpholgy of developing P. falciparum apicoplast
Morpholgy of developing P. falciparum mitochondrion
Morphology of the ER during the asexual cycle of P. falciparum
Nuclear architecture throughout segmentation 3D
Nuclear organization
Nuclear pores in the malaria parasite
Organellar genetics in Plasmodium
Organelle organization and fission during schizogony
Putative flagellar proteins
The basal complex
The basal end and food vacuole
The conoid complex in apicomplexan zoite forms
The digestive vacuole
The fate of the parasitophorous vacuolar membrane
The mitochondrion ultrastructure
The relationship between the apicoplast and the mitochondrion throughout the intraerythrocytic cycle
Ultrastructure of knobs - electronmicrograph
Ultrastructure of the apicoplast EM
Ultrastructure of the axoneme/flagellum
Ultrastructure of the mitochondrion
A proposed mechanism of malaria fever induction
a-Thalassemia – pathogenesis and clinical presentations
Candidate genes related to virulence
Candidate Malaria Resistance Genes
Causes of anemia in malarial infection
Cerebral malaria
Cerebral Malaria and Protein S-Nitrosylation
Cerebral malaria MRI
Changes in organ involvement in malaria with age
Cytoadherence is tissue-specific
Disruption of BBB caused by interaction between parasite and host factors
Endothelial activation and chemokine secretion
Endothelial permeability and neuroinflammation
Epstein-Barr virus - Plasmodium falciparum coinfection at blood brain barrier
Eryptosis in Plasmodium infection
Erythropoiesis in malaria
Etiology of lactic acidosis in malaria
G6PD deficiency and malaria
Genes differentially expressed in severe malaria
Genes for which expression is significantly correlated with coma score
Hemoglobinopathies and their effect on parasite growth
Hemozoin (Hz) accumulation in tissues of patients with severe malaria
Host–parasite interactions at the cerebrovascular endothelium in cerebral malaria
Human genes that protect against malaria
Human miRNAs response to Plasmodium falciparum infection
Induction of endothelial proinflammatory response and barrier dysfunction by P. falciparum
Inflammasome regulation
Inflammation and loss of barrier integrity
Innate immune response to Plasmodium blood stage infection in the spleen
Interactions with the vasculature through the life cycle
Involvement of host-miRNAs in Plasmodium infections
Malaria during pregnancy
Malaria in pregnancy and adverse birth outcomes
Malaria infection disrupts nitric oxide metabolism
Malaria, sickle cell hemoglobin, high-mannose glycans, and erythrocyte phagocytosis
Malaria-associated syndromes
Mechanisms for Cerebral malaria pathogenesis
Mechanisms involved in protection against malaria by monocytes and macrophages
Mechanisms underlying protection by sickle trait (AS) RBC against falciparum malaria
Modulators of endothelial cell that may be relevant in BBB disruption during CM
Molecular mechanisms driving the different complications of severe malaria
Multifactorial roles of platelets in malaria pathogenesis
Necrosis and pyroptosis act together in the pathogenesis of severe malaria
Oxidative events in the bone marrow and circulation
Oxidative insult can induce malaria-protective trait of sickle and fetal erythrocytes
Oxidative stress in ß-thalassaemia and sickle cell disease
Parasite clearance in the spleen
Parasite Histones Are Toxic to Brain Endothelium and Link Blood Barrier Breakdown and Thrombosis in Cerebral Malaria
Pathogenic events that contribute to severe malaria
Pathogenic mechanisms leading to the breakdown of BBB
Pathophysiology of BBB leakage in CM
Pathophysiology of ß-thalassemia
Persistent asymptomatic infection in the dry season
PfAP2-MRP is a master regulator of malaria pathogenesis
Pitting of infected cells
Placental malaria
Platelet activities during malaria infection
Proposed kidney–brain pathogenic axis in severe falciparum malaria
Sequestration and pathogenesis in deep vasculature
Severe forms of malaria
Severe malaria in children
Symptoms of malaria
The spleen and protection of Sickle-cell trait severe malaria
The spleen in malaria
The spleen in malaria infection and immunity
Thrombocytopenia in malaria.
Antimalarial checkpoints in housekeeping pathways of the apicoplast
Apicoplast DNA
Apicoplast functions with confirmed and potential drug targets
Apicoplast Kae1api-protein interactions
Apicoplast putative membrane proteins
Apicoplast-targeting drugs
Biosynthesis of Fe-S proteins in the apicoplast
Clp chaperones and proteases
Components of translation machinery in apicoplast
Essential plastid biogenesis genes
Fatty acid synthesis in the apicoplast
Genes coding for apicoplast ribosome subunits
Genes of the apicoplast genome
Integrated metabolism of the apicoplast
KEOPS complex
Model for import of lumenal apicoplast proteins via the secretory system
Nuclear genes with apicoplast signal sequences
PF3D7_0621000 rpo; PF3D7_0621000 ApSigma
Roles of carbon metabolism proteins in the apicoplast
The Clp complex is a master regulator of apicoplast biology
The proteome of the apicoplast
Compartmentalization of porphyrin biosynthesis
Lipoic acid metabolism
Organellar distribution of translation components
Organellar ribosomal proteins and RNA
Organellar ribosome assembly proteins and their predicted targeting
Replication in prokaryotes – a model for apicoplast and mitochondion DNA replication
Transcription in prokaryotes
Translation in prokaryotes – a template for apicoplast and mitochondrion
Transporters of the mitochondrial and apicoplast membranes
Crystallization of Hemozoin and its Inhibition by Antimalarial Drugs
Endocytosis
Hemoglobin digestion
Hemozoin and b-hematin formation
Interactions between FP2 and Hba, ß chains
Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)-controlled endocytosis of host cell hemoglobin
Structures and Proteins in Host Cell Cytosol Uptake
ADP ribosylation factors functions in the secretory pathway
Assembly of the retromer complex
Classical clathrin-mediated vesicular transport
Classical COPII-mediated vesicular transport
Classical COPI-mediated vesicular transport
Endosome maturation
ER-to Golgi, translocation and quality control
FP2a trafficking pathway to the food vacuole
Function of Sortilin in the regulated secretory pathway
GARP (Golgi-associated retrograde protein) complex
gp78 and Hrd1-mediated ERAD pathways
Intracellular distribution of phosphoinositides and small GTPases involved in membrane traffic
Large Tethering Complexes that Act in the Secretory and Endocytic Pathways
Model for signal processing in the ER
Packaging of remodeled GPI-anchored proteins into COPII coated transport vesicles
Phosphoinositides and membrane traffic
Predicted Tail anchored proteins
Protein targeting to the vacuolar translocon by HSP101
Proteins and complexes that are involved in protein transport into the endoplasmic reticulum
Proteins of the parasitophorous vacuolar membrane
Proteins with ER retention sequences
Proteome of the parasitophorous vacuole
Putative Golgi disassembly and reassembly mechanisms
Rab and other proteins involved in intracellular traffic
Rab cycle
Rab GTPase regulation of membrane identity
Rab proteins
Shared themes in cascading Rab and phosphoinositide pathways
SNAREs and their accessories
SNAREs are traffic-specific
Subcellular location of adaptor proteins
Tail-anchored proteins and the GET pathway
Temporal regulation of Rap
The rab switch and its circuitry
The SNARE conformational cycle during vesicle docking and fusion
Translocation and transport pathways
Vacuole biogenesis and ER proliferation
Acetyl-CoA production in the mitochondrion
Biogenesis and functions of mitochondrial cytochrome c
Biogenesis of cytochrome oxidase
Chaperone network and protein quality control of the mitochondrion
Divergent composition of the respiratory chain complexes
Enzyme involved in protein degradation within mitochondria
F0F1-ATPase
Functions of the ER–Mitochondrial contacts
Genes coding for Fe-S containing proteins
Genes coding for mitochondrial ribosome subunits
Genes encoding respiratory chain proteins
Import of proteins into the mitochondrion
Interactome of mitochondrial 2-Cys peroxiredoxin
Maturation of cytosolic and nuclear Fe-S proteins
Mechanism of Fe–S-protein biogenesis
Mitochondria copper homeostasis
Mitochondrial antioxidant system
Mitochondrial copper transport pathways to cytochrome C oxidase subunits
Mitochondrial disulfide relay system
Mitochondrial dynamics: overview of molecular mechanisms
Mitochondrial electron flow
Mitochondrial LSU rRNA secondary structure
Mitochondrial proteins
Mitochondrial TCA cycle
Models for TCA metabolism under various conditions
Pathways of peptide export from the mitochondrion
Schematic map of the mitochondrial genome
Topogenesis of the Rieske FeS protein
Translation in mitochondrion
Activation of the calcium and cAMP signaling pathway by melatonin
Apoptosis during Plasmodium life cycle in invertebrate and vertebrate hosts
Catabolism of polyphosphates
Cell apoptosis in malaria
Circadian host cues, not environmental changes, synchronize the parasite population
Crosstalk between metabolic intermediates, epigenetic regulators and transcriptional induction
Cross-talk between the intraerythrocytic developmental cycle and host rhythms
Different forms by which apoptosis is involved in malaria
Differentially expressed genes in 3D7 strain treated for 5h with melatonin
Differentially expressed genes in different stages treated with cAMP
Duration of schizont stage and resulting merozoite numbers
Eryptosis in malaria
Generation of polyphosphates
IFN-I response and signaling pathways in malaria parasite infections
Localization of the key cyclic nucleotide signaling components in a merozoite prior to egress
Model for cAMP and Ca2+ mediated signaling pathways that regulate microneme secretion
Origin of plastids through primary and secondary endosymbiosis
Oscillation-driven circadian clocks
Parasite survival of host fever
Periodic gene expression
pH regulation in the parasite cytosol
Plasmodium In Vivo versus In Vitro
Putative role of PfSR25 in activation of Ca2+ signaling and stress survival
Signaling machinery in malaria parasites
Stage-specific involvement of cyclic nucleotide signaling components and calcium-dependent protein kinases
The homeostasis of Ca2+ in malaria parasites
TOLL-LIKE RECEPTOR (TLR)-MEDIATED SIGNALS DURING MALARIA
Transcriptomic response of dihydroartemisinin (DHA) treated K1 strain trophozoites
Food vacuole proteome
Hypothetical distribution of proteins detected in microgamete proteome in the flagellar axoneme
Malaria pigment crystals
Nuclear architecture
Nuclear proteome
Oxysterol binding protein (OSBP) structure and function
Parasitophorous vacuole proteins
Parasitophorous vacuole proteins
Peroxidase active organelles
The acidocalcisome
The parasitophorous vacuole
The parasitophorous vacuole (PV) membrane
CLAG3 contribution to increased permeability of infected erythrocytes
Human plasminogen internalization in infected erythrocytes
Malaria parasite infection perturbs Na+ and K+ homeostasis in human erythrocytes
Possible reasons for increased permeability of host cell membrane
Sequential and parallel solute transport pathways
Solutes permeating through NPPs
Transport systems in normal and parasitized RBC
Volume and ion homeostasis of infected red blood cells during the intraerythrocytic cycle of the parasite
Alternative protein export pathways
Biogenesis of Maurer’s clefts
Characteristics of Plasmodium falciparum export proteins that remodel infected erythrocyte
Clp proteases and the translocon of exported proteins
Components of exosomes
Essential Exportome PEXEL-ome and PNEP-ome
Established and putative Maurer’s clefts proteins
Export of Proteins
Exported parasite proteins associated with Maurer’s clefts
Exported proteins containing a PHIST domain
Exported proteins of Plasmodium falciparum with confirmed location
Exportome - compiled from various sources
Extracellular vesicle involvement in malaria disease
Extracellular vesicles derived from IRBCs
Genes coding for protein traffic related proteins
Identification of erythrocyte proteins bound to exported P. falciparum proteins
Interactions between erythrocyte cytoskeletal and exported P. falciparum proteins.
Key steps and compartments in the protein export pathway
Location of lipid raft-associated proteins
Model of PfEMP1 export
Models for protein transport to the membrane of P. falciparum-infected erythrocytes
Models of PEXEL and PNEP export
Molecular model of vesicle exocytosis
Parasite encoded proteins associated with the membrane of infected erythrocytes
Parasite proteins co-exported with Hsp70x
Parasite-derived extracellular vesicles
Phosphatidylinositol-3-phosphate-dependent and -independent export from the endoplasmic reticulum
Possible trafficking pathways for STEVOR and RIFIN proteins
Properties of proteins exported to erythrocyte
Proteins identified from extracellular culture supernatant
Proteins identified in IRBC-derived vesicles
Proteins of erythrocyte-derived microvesicles
Putative trafficking pathways in P. falciparum-infected erythrocytes I - Diagrammatic representation
Signal-peptide-containing exported proteins
Subcellular localization of exported proteins
Subcellular location of exported proteins
The Maurer's clefts Dynamics
Top ranked surface exposed proteins
Translocon of exported proteins (PTEX)
Vacuolar secretion pathways
Various ways by which P. falciparum parasite evades the immune system via secreted extracellular vesicles
Characteristics of known and putative P. falciparum transport proteins
Genes coding for transport proteins
Physiology and biochemistry of the parasite as affected by inhibition of PfATP4
Transporters of the plasma membrane
V-ATPase
Bulk mRNA transport through the nuclear pore
Import and export through the nuclear pore
Karyopherin/exportin-mediated nuclear export pathways
Structure of the nuclear pore
Model of the EXP1-defined nutrient-permeable channel function of EXP2 in the PVM
Transporters of the ER/Golgi and digestive vacuole membranes
Transporters of the mitochondrial and apicoplast membranes
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Compound Id
Name
Maps
C00131
dATP
Purine metabolism
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